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Adolf Hitler

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Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Germany during the Nazi era, which lasted from 1933 until his suicide in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party, becoming the chancellor of Germany in 1933 and then taking the title of Führer und Reichskanzler in 1934. Germany's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 under his leadership marked the outbreak of the Second World War. Throughout the ensuing conflict, Hitler was closely involved in the direction of German military operations as well as the perpetration of the Holocaust, the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims. Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn in Austria-Hungary and moved to Germany in 1913. He was decorated during his service in the German Army in the First World War, receiving the Iron Cross. In 1919, he joined the German Workers' Party (DAP), the precursor of the Nazi Party, and in 1921, was appointed the leader of the Nazi Party. In 1923, he attempted to seize governmental power in a failed coup in Munich and was sentenced to five years in prison, serving just over a year. While there, he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf (lit. 'My Struggle'). After his early release in 1924, he gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles as well as promoting pan-Germanism, antisemitism, and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda. He frequently denounced communism as being part of an international Jewish conspiracy. By November 1932, the Nazi Party held the most seats in the Reichstag, but not a majority. Former chancellor Franz von Papen and other conservative politicians convinced President Paul von Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor on 30 January 1933. Shortly thereafter on 23 March, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act of 1933, which ultimately began the Weimar Republic's transformation into Nazi Germany. Upon Hindenburg's death on 2 August 1934, Hitler replaced him as head of state and thereafter transformed Germany into a totalitarian dictatorship. Domestically, Hitler implemented numerous racist policies and sought to deport or kill German Jews. His first six years in power resulted in rapid economic recovery from the Great Depression, the abrogation of restrictions imposed on Germany after the First World War, and the annexation of territories inhabited by millions of ethnic Germans, which initially gave him significant popular support. One of Hitler's key goals was Lebensraum (lit. 'living space') for the German people in Eastern Europe, and his aggressive, expansionist foreign policy is considered the primary cause of World War II in Europe. On 1 September 1939, Hitler oversaw the German invasion of Poland, thereby causing Britain and France to declare war on Germany. After ordering an invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, he declared war on the United States in December of the same year. By the end of 1941, German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe and North Africa. These gains were gradually reversed after 1941 until the Allied forces defeated the German military in 1945. On 29 April 1945, Hitler married his longtime partner, Eva Braun, in the Führerbunker in Berlin. They committed suicide the next day to avoid capture by the Soviet Red Army. The historian and biographer Ian Kershaw described Hitler as "the embodiment of modern political evil". Under Hitler's leadership and racist ideology, the Nazi regime was responsible for the genocide of an estimated six million Jews and millions of other victims, whom he and his followers deemed Untermenschen (lit. 'subhumans') or socially undesirable. Hitler and the Nazis were also responsible for the deliberate killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. In addition, 28.7 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European theatre. The number of civilians killed during World War II was unprecedented in warfare, and the casualties make it the deadliest conflict in history.

Infobox

Preceded by
Multi-member district
Succeeded by
Constituency abolished
President
Paul von Hindenburg (1933–1934)
Vice Chancellor
Franz von Papen (1933–1934)
Deputy
Rudolf Hess (1933–1941)
Born
(1889-04-20)20 April 1889Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary
Died
30 April 1945(1945-04-30) (aged 56)Berlin, Germany
Cause of death
Self-inflicted gunshot wound
Citizenship
mw- Austria (until 1925)Stateless (1925–1932)Germany (from 1932)
Political party
Nazi Party (from 1920)
Other politicalaffiliations
German Workers' Party (1919–1920)
Spouse
mw- Eva Braun (m. 1945; died 1945)
Parents
Alois HitlerKlara Pölzl
Relatives
Hitler family
Cabinet
Hitler cabinet
Allegiance
German EmpireWeimar RepublicNazi Germany
Branch
mw- li Imperial German Army Bavarian Army Reichswehr
Years of service
1914–1920
Rank
Gefreiter
Commands
German Army (from 1941)Army Group A (1942)
Wars
World War I Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme (WIA) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele World War II
Awards
List of awards
Party
Nazi Party (from 1920)

Tables

Nazi Party election results[142] · Rise to power
May 1924
May 1924
Election
May 1924
Total votes
1,918,300
% votes
6.5
Reichstag seats
32
Notes
Hitler in prison
December 1924
December 1924
Election
December 1924
Total votes
907,300
% votes
3.0
Reichstag seats
14
Notes
Hitler released from prison
May 1928
May 1928
Election
May 1928
Total votes
810,100
% votes
2.6
Reichstag seats
12
September 1930
September 1930
Election
September 1930
Total votes
6,409,600
% votes
18.3
Reichstag seats
107
Notes
After the financial crisis
July 1932
July 1932
Election
July 1932
Total votes
13,745,000
% votes
37.3
Reichstag seats
230
Notes
After Hitler was candidate for presidency
November 1932
November 1932
Election
November 1932
Total votes
11,737,000
% votes
33.1
Reichstag seats
196
March 1933
March 1933
Election
March 1933
Total votes
17,277,180
% votes
43.9
Reichstag seats
288
Notes
Only partially free during Hitler's term as chancellor of Germany
Election
Total votes
% votes
Reichstag seats
Notes
May 1924
1,918,300
6.5
32
Hitler in prison
December 1924
907,300
3.0
14
Hitler released from prison
May 1928
810,100
2.6
12
September 1930
6,409,600
18.3
107
After the financial crisis
July 1932
13,745,000
37.3
230
After Hitler was candidate for presidency
November 1932
11,737,000
33.1
196
March 1933
17,277,180
43.9
288
Only partially free during Hitler's term as chancellor of Germany

References

  1. German: [ˈaːdɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] ⓘ
  2. Officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, pronoun
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  4. The successor institution to the Realschule in Linz is Bundesrealgymnasium Linz Fadingerstraße.
  5. Hitler also won settlement from a libel suit against the socialist paper the Münchener Post, which had questioned his li
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