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Adi Shankara

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Adi Shankara

Adi Shankara (8th c. CE), also called Adi Shankaracharya (Sanskrit: आदि शङ्कर, आदि शङ्कराचार्य, romanized: Ādi Śaṅkara, Ādi Śaṅkarācārya, lit. 'First Shankaracharya', pronounced [aːd̪i ɕɐŋkɐraːt͡ɕaːrjɐ]), was an Indian Vedic scholar, philosopher and teacher (acharya) of Advaita Vedanta. While he is often revered as the most important Indian philosopher, reliable information on Shankara's actual life is scant, and the historical influence of his works on Hindu intellectual thought has been questioned. The historical Shankara was probably relatively unknown and Vaishna-oriented. His true impact lies in his "iconic representation of Hindu religion and culture," despite the fact that most Hindus do not adhere to Advaita Vedanta. Until the 10th century Shankara was overshadowed by his older contemporary Maṇḍana Miśra, and there is no mention of him in concurrent Hindu, Buddhist or Jain sources until the 11th century. The legendary Shankara was created in the 14th century, centuries after his death, when Sringeri matha started to receive patronage from the emperors of the Vijayanagara Empire and shifted their allegiance from Advaitic Agamic Shaivism to Brahmanical Advaita orthodoxy. Hagiographies dating from the 14th-17th centuries deified him as a ruler-renunciate, travelling on a digvijaya (conquest of the four quarters) across the Indian subcontinent to propagate his philosophy, defeating his opponents in theological debates. These hagiographies portray him as founding four mathas (monasteries), and Adi Shankara also came to be regarded as the organiser of the Dashanami monastic order, and the unifier of the Shanmata tradition of worship. The title of Shankaracharya, used by heads of certain monasteries in India, is derived from his name. Tradition also portrays him as the one who reconciled the various sects (Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and Shaktism) with the introduction of the Pañcāyatana form of worship, the simultaneous worship of five deities – Ganesha, Surya, Vishnu, Shiva and Devi, arguing that all deities were but different forms of the one Brahman, the invisible Supreme Being. Owing to his later fame over 300 texts are attributed to him, including commentaries (Bhāṣya), introductory topical expositions (Prakaraṇa grantha) and poetry (Stotra). However, most of these are likely to have been written by admirers, or pretenders, or scholars with an eponymous name. Works known to have been written by Shankara himself are the Brahmasutrabhasya, his commentaries on ten principal Upanishads, his commentary on the Bhagavad Gita, and the Upadeśasāhasrī. The authenticity of Shankara as the author of Vivekacūḍāmaṇi has been questioned and mostly rejected by scholarship. His authentic works present a harmonizing reading of the shastras, with liberating knowledge of the self at its core, synthesizing the Advaita Vedanta teachings of his time. The central concern of Shankara's writings was the liberating knowledge of the true identity of jivatman (individual self) as Ātman-Brahman, taking the Upanishads as an independent means of knowledge, beyond the ritually oriented Mīmāṃsā-exegesis of the Vedas. Shankara's Advaita showed influences from Mahayana Buddhism, despite Shankara's critiques; and Hindu Vaishnava opponents have even accused Shankara of being a "crypto-Buddhist," a qualification which is rejected by the Advaita Vedanta tradition, highlighting their respective views on Atman, Anatta and Brahman.

Infobox

Born
Shankarac. 700 CE[note 1]
Died
c. 750 CE[note 1]
Known for
Expounded Advaita Vedanta
Honors
Jagadguru
Religion
Hinduism
Philosophy
Advaita Vedanta
Guru
Govinda Bhagavatpada

Tables

· External links
Preceded byBhagawan Govinda Bhagavat Pada
Preceded byBhagawan Govinda Bhagavat Pada
Religious titles
Preceded byBhagawan Govinda Bhagavat Pada
Religious titles
Jagadguru of Sringeri Sharada Peetham ?–820 (videha-mukti)
Religious titles
Succeeded bySureshwaracharya
Religious titles
Preceded byBhagawan Govinda Bhagavat Pada
Jagadguru of Sringeri Sharada Peetham ?–820 (videha-mukti)
Succeeded bySureshwaracharya

References

  1. Modern scholarship places Shankara in the earlier part of the 8th century CE (c. 700–750).(Koller 2013, p. 99, Comans 20
  2. Adi means "first", to distinguish him from other Shankaras.
  3. He is also known as Shankara Bhagavatpada (Śaṅkara Bhagavatpāda), Shankara Bhagavatpadacharya (Śaṅkara Bhagavatpādācārya
  4. Shankara, himself, had renounced all religious ritual acts.For an example of Shankara's reasoning "why rites and ritual
    https://archive.org/stream/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda#page/n375/mode/2up
  5. Compare Mookerji 2011 on Svādhyāya (Vedic learning). Mookerji (2011, pp. 29–31) notes that the Rigveda, and Sayana's com
    http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=artha&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0
  6. King (1995, p. 183): "It is well-known that Sankara was criticized by later (rival) Vedantins as a crypto-Buddhist (prac
  7. Atman versus anatman: (Isaeva 1993, pp. 60, 145–154) KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, ISBN 978
    https://books.google.com/books?id=3uwDAAAAMAAJ
  8. Arun Kumar Upadhyay: "The copper-plate of King Sudhanwa, said to have been issued to Sankara and now in the possession o
  9. The successive heads of the Kanchi and all other major Hindu Advaita tradition monasteries have been called Shankarachar
  10. Tiele based this dating on Yajnesvara Sastri's treatise Aryavidya-sudhakar ("The Moon of Noble Knowledge"), who in turn
  11. The date 788–820 is also among those considered acceptable by Swami Tapasyananda, though he raises a number of questions
  12. Koller 2013, p. 99: "the best recent scholarship argues that he was born in 700 and died in 750 CE."
  13. King 2002, p. 128: "Although it is common to find Western scholars and Hindus arguing that Sankaracarya was the most inf
  14. Potter (2006, pp. 6–7): "...these modern interpreters are implying that most Advaitins after Samkara's time are confused
  15. The hagiographies of Shankara mirror the pattern of synthesizing facts, fiction and legends as with other ancient and me
  16. This may be present day Kalady in central Kerala. The house he was born in is still maintained as Melpazhur Mana.
  17. Many Panchayatana mandalas and temples have been uncovered that are from the Gupta Empire period, and one Panchayatana s
  18. Kena Upanishad has two commentaries that are attributed to Shankara – Kenopnishad Vakyabhasya and Kenopnishad Padabhasya
  19. See also IndiaDivine.org, Authorship of Vivekachudamani and arshabodha.org, Sri Sankara's Vivekachudamani, pp. 3–4, The
    http://www.indiadivine.org/audarya/advaita-vedanta/142896-authorship-vivekachudamani.html
  20. Swami Vivekananda translates Shivoham, Shivoham as "I am he, I am he".
  21. This includes also the dualistic Vaishna bhakti traditions, which have also commented on the Upanishads and the Brahma S
  22. Michaels (2004, p. 41): In the east the Pala Empire (770–1125 CE), in the west and north the Gurjara-Pratihara (7th–10th
  23. McRae (2003): This resembles the development of Chinese Chán during the An Lu-shan rebellion and the Five Dynasties and
  24. Inden (1998, p. 67): "Before the eighth century, the Buddha was accorded the position of universal deity and ceremonies
  25. Brahman is not to be confused with the personalised godhead Brahma.
  26. The suffering created by the workings of the mind entangled with physical reality
  27. Mayeda refers to statements from Shankara regarding epistemology (pramana-janya) in section 1.18.133 of Upadesasahasri,
  28. Shcherbatsky 1927, pp. 44–45: "Shankara accuses them of disregarding all logic and refuses to enter in a controversy wit
  29. Highest self: Shankara, Upadesasahasri I.18.3: "I am ever-free, the existent" (Sat). I.18.6: "The two [contradictory] no
  30. "Consciousness", "intelligence", "wisdom"
  31. "the Absolute", "infinite", "the Highest truth"
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  33. Up.I.18.219: "The renunciation of all actions becomes the means for discriminating the meaning of the word "Thou" since
  34. Vaishnava: Mayeda 1992, p. 4: "But his doctrine is far removed from Saivism and Saktism. It can be ascertained from his
  35. Clark 2006, p. 169: "It is apparent that Sankara was a vaisnava who seems to have been significantly informed by Pancara
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