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Achaemenid Empire

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Achaemenid Empire

The Achaemenid Empire ( ə-KEE-mə-nid; Old Persian: 𐎧𐏁𐏂, Xšāça, lit. 'The Empire' or 'The Kingdom') was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC. At peak, its territorial extent was roughly 5.5 million square kilometres (2.1 million square miles), making it the largest empire of its time. Based in the Iranian plateau, it stretched from the Balkans and Egypt in the west to the Indus Valley in the east, including Anatolia, Cyprus, Mesopotamia, the Levant, parts of Eastern Arabia, and large parts of Central Asia. By the 7th century BC, the region of Persis, located in the southwestern part of the Iranian plateau, had been settled by Persians. From Persis, Cyrus rose and defeated Media, Lydia, and the Neo-Babylonian Empire, thus marking the establishment of a new imperial polity in the ancient Near East. While its conquests were largely successful in most regions, the Achaemenid Empire's attempts to expand into Greece proved extremely difficult over the course of decades of wars and multiple kings, ultimately resulting in its defeat in the Greek mainland. In 330 BC, amidst a military campaign that began in 336 BC, the Achaemenid Empire was conquered in its entirety by Alexander the Great, who annexed it to his Macedonian Empire. Upon Alexander's death, which sparked the beginning of the Hellenistic period in 323 BC, the majority of the former Achaemenid Empire's territories came under the rule of the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Almost a century later, Iranian elites in the central plateau successfully reclaimed power from the Seleucids and established the Parthian Empire, which would continue to exist for nearly half a millennium before being succeeded by the Iranian Sasanian Empire. In the modern era, the Achaemenid Empire has been recognized for its centralized bureaucracy and administration; its multicultural policy and religious tolerance, especially under Cyrus; its complex infrastructure projects, such as the Royal Road and an organized postal system; the use of official languages (Persian and Aramaic) across its territories; and the development of a civil service and a large, professional army and navy. Many of these systems were adopted and expanded upon by a variety of later empires in the Greco-Roman world and beyond.

Infobox

Capital
mw- BabylonPasargadae (Cyrus the Great)Ecbatana (ceremonial)Susa (Darius the Great)Persepolis (ceremonial)
Common languages
Old Persian[a]Aramaic[b]Akkadian[c]ElamiteGreekMediansee § Languages
Religion
Zoroastrianism (official)Mesopotamian religionJudaismVedic HinduismEgyptian religionGreek religionsee § Religion
Government
Monarchy
• 559–530 BC
Cyrus the Great
• 530–522 BC
Cambyses II
• 522–522 BC
Bardiya
• 522–486 BC
Darius the Great
• 486–465 BC
Xerxes I
• 465–424 BC
Artaxerxes I
• 424–424 BC
Xerxes II
• 424–423 BC
Sogdianus
• 423–405 BC
Darius II
• 405–358 BC
Artaxerxes II
• 358–338 BC
Artaxerxes III
• 338–336 BC
Artaxerxes IV
• 336–330 BC
Darius III
• 330–329 BC
Artaxerxes V
Historical era
Classical antiquity
• Persian Revolt
550 BC
• Conquest of Lydia
547 BC
• Conquest of Babylon
539 BC
• Conquest of Indus Valley
535–518 BC
• Conquest of Egypt
525 BC
• European Scythian Campaign
513 BC
• Greco-Persian Wars
499–449 BC
• Babylonian Revolts
484 BC
• Corinthian War
395–387 BC
• Great Satraps' Revolt
372–362 BC
• Second conquest of Egypt
343 BC
• Fall to Macedonia
330 BC
500 BC
5,500,000 km2 (2,100,000 sq mi)
• 500 BC
17 million to 35 million
Currency
Daric, siglos

Tables

· Rulers
Teispes
Teispes
Name
Teispes
Comments
Son of Achaemenes. Attested to only by the Behistun Inscription.
Dates
640 BC
Cyrus I
Cyrus I
Name
Cyrus I
Comments
Son of Teispes, first Achaemenid ruler with attestation.
Dates
580 BC
Cambyses I
Cambyses I
Name
Cambyses I
Comments
Son of Cyrus I and father of Cyrus II. No records from his reign survive.
Dates
550 BC
Cambyses II
Cambyses II
Name
Cambyses II
Comments
King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt
Dates
530–522 BC
Gaumata
Gaumata
Name
Gaumata
Comments
King of Persia, allegedly an impostor named Gaumata.
Dates
522 BC
Darius I
Darius I
Name
Darius I
Comments
King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt. Cousin of Cambyses II and Bardiya.
Dates
522–486 BC
Xerxes I
Xerxes I
Name
Xerxes I
Comments
King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt
Dates
486–465 BC
Artaxerxes I
Artaxerxes I
Name
Artaxerxes I
Comments
King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt
Dates
465–424 BC
Xerxes II
Xerxes II
Name
Xerxes II
Comments
King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt. Assassinated by his half-brother and successor, Sogdianus.
Dates
424 BC (45 days)
Sogdianus
Sogdianus
Name
Sogdianus
Comments
King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt
Dates
424–423 BC
Darius II
Darius II
Name
Darius II
Comments
King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt. His birth name was Ochus.
Dates
423–405 BC
Artaxerxes II
Artaxerxes II
Name
Artaxerxes II
Comments
King of Persia. Ruling for 47 years, Artaxerxes II was the longest reigning Achaemenid king. His birth name was Arses.
Dates
405–358 BC
Artaxerxes III
Artaxerxes III
Name
Artaxerxes III
Comments
King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt, having re-conquered the land after it was lost during the reign of Artaxerxes II. His birth name was Ochus.
Dates
358–338 BC
Artaxerxes IV
Artaxerxes IV
Name
Artaxerxes IV
Comments
King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt. His birth name was Arses.
Dates
338–336 BC
Darius III
Darius III
Name
Darius III
Comments
King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt; last ruler of the empire. His birth name was either Artashata or Codomannus.
Dates
336–330 BC
Name
Image
Comments
Dates
Achaemenes
First ruler of the Achaemenid kingdom and founder of the dynasty. Attested to only by the Behistun Inscription.
705 BC
Teispes
Son of Achaemenes. Attested to only by the Behistun Inscription.
640 BC
Cyrus I
Son of Teispes, first Achaemenid ruler with attestation.
580 BC
Cambyses I
Son of Cyrus I and father of Cyrus II. No records from his reign survive.
550 BC
Cyrus II
Transformed the dynasty into an empire; King of the "four corners of the world"
560–530 BC
Cambyses II
King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt
530–522 BC
Gaumata
King of Persia, allegedly an impostor named Gaumata.
522 BC
Darius I
King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt. Cousin of Cambyses II and Bardiya.
522–486 BC
Xerxes I
King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt
486–465 BC
Artaxerxes I
King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt
465–424 BC
Xerxes II
King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt. Assassinated by his half-brother and successor, Sogdianus.
424 BC (45 days)
Sogdianus
King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt
424–423 BC
Darius II
King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt. His birth name was Ochus.
423–405 BC
Artaxerxes II
King of Persia. Ruling for 47 years, Artaxerxes II was the longest reigning Achaemenid king. His birth name was Arses.
405–358 BC
Artaxerxes III
King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt, having re-conquered the land after it was lost during the reign of Artaxerxes II. His birth name was Ochus.
358–338 BC
Artaxerxes IV
King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt. His birth name was Arses.
338–336 BC
Darius III
King of Persia in addition to Pharaoh of Egypt; last ruler of the empire. His birth name was either Artashata or Codomannus.
336–330 BC

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