Topzle Topzle

400-series highways

Updated: Wikipedia source

400-series highways

The 400-series highways are a network of controlled-access highways in the Canadian province of Ontario, forming a special subset of the provincial highway system. They are analogous to the Interstate Highway System in the United States or the Autoroute system of neighbouring Quebec, and are regulated by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO). The 400-series designations were introduced in 1952, although Ontario had been constructing divided highways for two decades prior. Initially, only Highways 400, 401 and 402 were numbered; other designations followed in the subsequent decades. To this day, not all controlled-access highways in Ontario are a part of the 400-series highway network. The network is situated almost entirely in Southern Ontario, although Highway 400 extends into the more remote northern portion of the province. Modern 400-series highways have high design standards, speed limits of 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph), with a 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph) limit on select stretches, and various collision avoidance and traffic management systems. The design of 400-series highways has set the precedent for a number of innovations used throughout North America, including the parclo interchange and a modified Jersey barrier design known as the Ontario Tall Wall. As a result, they currently experience one of the lowest accident and fatality rates comparative to traffic volume in North America.

Infobox

Length
1,997.3 km (1,241.1 mi)
Formed
July 1, 1952 (1952-07-01)
Provincial
Ontario Highway 4XX

Tables

Near-term (anticipated completion by 2025) · High-occupancy vehicle lanes › Future HOV lanes
400
400
Highway
400
Starting location
King Road
Terminating location
Highway 9
General location
Region of York
Status
Lane construction underway, expected completion, 2025
Highway
Starting location
Terminating location
General location
Status
400
King Road
Highway 9
Region of York
Lane construction underway, expected completion, 2025
Long-term (2025–) · High-occupancy vehicle lanes › Future HOV lanes
400
400
Highway
400
Starting location
Langstaff Road
Terminating location
Major Mackenzie Drive
General location
Regional Municipality of York
400
400
Highway
400
Starting location
Highway 9
Terminating location
Highway 88/Bradford West Gwillimbury
General location
Region of York and Simcoe County
401
401
Highway
401
Starting location
Regional Road 25
Terminating location
Halton-Wellington Boundary
General location
Regional Municipality of Halton
401
401
Highway
401
Starting location
Highway 6 South, Brock Road
Terminating location
Highway 6 North
General location
Wellington County and Guelph
401
401
Highway
401
Starting location
Townline Road
Terminating location
Wellington Road 32
General location
Wellington County and Cambridge
404
404
Highway
404
Starting location
Stouffville Road
Terminating location
Ravenshoe Road
General location
Region of York
QEW
QEW
Highway
QEW
Starting location
Red Hill Valley Parkway
Terminating location
Highway 406
General location
Hamilton and Region of Niagara
QEW
QEW
Highway
QEW
Starting location
407/403
Terminating location
Guelph Line
General location
Burlington
QEW
QEW
Highway
QEW
Starting location
Trafalgar Road
Terminating location
Highway 427
General location
Oakville and Mississauga
Highway
Starting location
Terminating location
General location
400
Langstaff Road
Major Mackenzie Drive
Regional Municipality of York
400
Highway 9
Highway 88/Bradford West Gwillimbury
Region of York and Simcoe County
401
Regional Road 25
Halton-Wellington Boundary
Regional Municipality of Halton
401
Highway 6 South, Brock Road
Highway 6 North
Wellington County and Guelph
401
Townline Road
Wellington Road 32
Wellington County and Cambridge
404
Stouffville Road
Ravenshoe Road
Region of York
QEW
Red Hill Valley Parkway
Highway 406
Hamilton and Region of Niagara
QEW
407/403
Guelph Line
Burlington
QEW
Trafalgar Road
Highway 427
Oakville and Mississauga
· Planned extensions and new routes
Highway 400
Highway 400
Highway
Highway 400
Type
Extension
Length (km)
~138
Length (mi)
~86
Southern or western terminus
Highway 559 near Parry Sound
Northern or eastern terminus
Highway 17 in Sudbury
Status
Partially Open / Under Construction
Proposed Opening Date
Late 2020s
Notes
Completed sections numbered as Highway 69
Highway 401
Highway 401
Highway
Highway 401
Type
Extension
Length (km)
~3
Length (mi)
~2
Southern or western terminus
I-75 in Detroit
Northern or eastern terminus
Ojibway Parkway in Windsor
Status
Unopened
Proposed Opening Date
2025
Notes
Part of Gordie Howe International Bridge Project
Highway 404
Highway 404
Highway
Highway 404
Type
Extension
Length (km)
~31
Length (mi)
~19
Southern or western terminus
Regional Road 8 in Keswick
Northern or eastern terminus
Highway 12 north of Sunderland
Status
Proposed
Proposed Opening Date
Late 2020s
Highway 410
Highway 410
Highway
Highway 410
Type
Extension
Length (km)
~3
Length (mi)
~2
Southern or western terminus
Highway 10 in Brampton
Northern or eastern terminus
Future Highway 413 north of Brampton
Status
Funded
Proposed Opening Date
Late 2020s
Notes
Part of the Highway 413 project
Highway 413
Highway 413
Highway
Highway 413
Type
New Route
Length (km)
~52
Length (mi)
~32
Southern or western terminus
Highway 401 and Highway 407 in NW Mississauga
Northern or eastern terminus
Highway 400 north of Vaughan
Status
Funded
Proposed Opening Date
Late 2020s
Highway 417
Highway 417
Highway
Highway 417
Type
Extension
Length (km)
~16
Length (mi)
~10
Southern or western terminus
Highway 60 in Renfrew
Northern or eastern terminus
Campbell Drive west of Arnprior
Status
Proposed
Proposed Opening Date
Late 2020s
Highway 427
Highway 427
Highway
Highway 427
Type
Extension
Length (km)
~2
Length (mi)
~2
Southern or western terminus
Regional Road 25 south of Bolton
Northern or eastern terminus
Future Highway 413 South of Bolton
Status
Funded
Proposed Opening Date
Late 2020s
Notes
Part of the Highway 413 project
"Bradford Bypass"
"Bradford Bypass"
Highway
"Bradford Bypass"
Type
New Route
Length (km)
~16
Length (mi)
~10
Southern or western terminus
Highway 400 near Bradford
Northern or eastern terminus
Highway 404 south of Keswick
Status
Funded
Proposed Opening Date
Late 2020s
Notes
Intended to be a 400 series standard highway, designation is unclear. Construction began at the Yonge Street interchange in November 2022
Highway
Type
Length (km)
Length (mi)
Southern or western terminus
Northern or eastern terminus
Status
Proposed Opening Date
Notes
Highway 400
Extension
~138
~86
Highway 559 near Parry Sound
Highway 17 in Sudbury
Partially Open / Under Construction
Late 2020s
Completed sections numbered as Highway 69
Highway 401
Extension
~3
~2
I-75 in Detroit
Ojibway Parkway in Windsor
Unopened
2025
Part of Gordie Howe International Bridge Project
Highway 404
Extension
~31
~19
Regional Road 8 in Keswick
Highway 12 north of Sunderland
Proposed
Late 2020s
Highway 410
Extension
~3
~2
Highway 10 in Brampton
Future Highway 413 north of Brampton
Funded
Late 2020s
Part of the Highway 413 project
Highway 413
New Route
~52
~32
Highway 401 and Highway 407 in NW Mississauga
Highway 400 north of Vaughan
Funded
Late 2020s
Highway 417
Extension
~16
~10
Highway 60 in Renfrew
Campbell Drive west of Arnprior
Proposed
Late 2020s
Highway 427
Extension
~2
~2
Regional Road 25 south of Bolton
Future Highway 413 South of Bolton
Funded
Late 2020s
Part of the Highway 413 project
"Bradford Bypass"
New Route
~16
~10
Highway 400 near Bradford
Highway 404 south of Keswick
Funded
Late 2020s
Intended to be a 400 series standard highway, designation is unclear. Construction began at the Yonge Street interchange in November 2022
· Existing network
Toronto–Barrie Highway
Toronto–Barrie Highway
Number
Highway 400
Length (km)
226.0
Length (mi)
140.4
Southern or western terminus
Maple Leaf Drive in Toronto(continues as Black Creek Drive)
Northern or eastern terminus
Highway 69 in Carling
Local names
Toronto–Barrie Highway
Formed
01952-07-011952
Removed
current
Notes
Scheduled for extension to Sudbury.
Macdonald–Cartier Freeway, Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway, Highway of Heroes
Macdonald–Cartier Freeway, Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway, Highway of Heroes
Number
Highway 401
Length (km)
828.0
Length (mi)
514.5
Southern or western terminus
Ojibway Parkway in Windsor
Northern or eastern terminus
A-20 towards Montreal, QC
Local names
Macdonald–Cartier Freeway, Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway, Highway of Heroes
Formed
01952-07-011952
Removed
current
Notes
Busiest highway in North America. Scheduled for extension to American border following completion of the Gordie Howe International Bridge.
Chedoke Expressway, Alexander Graham Bell Parkway
Chedoke Expressway, Alexander Graham Bell Parkway
Number
Highway 403
Length (km)
125.2
Length (mi)
77.8
Southern or western terminus
Highway 401 near Woodstock
Northern or eastern terminus
Highway 401 / Highway 410 in Mississauga
Local names
Chedoke Expressway, Alexander Graham Bell Parkway
Formed
01963-12-011963
Removed
current
General Brock Parkway
General Brock Parkway
Number
Highway 405
Length (km)
8.7
Length (mi)
5.4
Southern or western terminus
Queen Elizabeth Way – St. Catharines
Northern or eastern terminus
I-190 at Canada–United States border on Queenston-Lewiston Bridge towards Lewiston, NY
Local names
General Brock Parkway
Formed
01963-09-111963
Removed
current
Belfield Expressway
Belfield Expressway
Number
Highway 409
Length (km)
5.6
Length (mi)
3.5
Southern or western terminus
Pearson Airport in Mississauga
Northern or eastern terminus
Highway 401 in Toronto
Local names
Belfield Expressway
Formed
01978-08-251978
Removed
current
West Durham Link
West Durham Link
Number
Highway 412
Length (km)
10.0
Length (mi)
6.2
Southern or western terminus
Highway 401 in Whitby
Northern or eastern terminus
Highway 407 in Whitby
Local names
West Durham Link
Formed
02016-06-202016
Removed
current
Notes
Route number assigned February 5, 2015; tolls removed effective April 5, 2022
Veterans Memorial Highway
Veterans Memorial Highway
Number
Highway 416
Length (km)
76.4
Length (mi)
47.5
Southern or western terminus
Highway 401 towards Brockville
Northern or eastern terminus
Highway 417 in Ottawa
Local names
Veterans Memorial Highway
Formed
01999-09-231999
Removed
current
Queensway, Trans-Canada Highway
Queensway, Trans-Canada Highway
Number
Highway 417
Length (km)
192.0
Length (mi)
119.3
Southern or western terminus
Highway 17 in Arnprior
Northern or eastern terminus
A-40 (TCH) towards Montreal, QC
Local names
Queensway, Trans-Canada Highway
Formed
01971-01-011971
Removed
current
Notes
Unlike most freeways, kilometre posts are numbered east to west.
East Durham Link
East Durham Link
Number
Highway 418
Length (km)
12.8
Length (mi)
8.0
Southern or western terminus
Highway 401 in Clarington
Northern or eastern terminus
Highway 407 in Clarington
Local names
East Durham Link
Formed
02019-12-092019
Removed
current
Notes
Route number assigned February 5, 2015; tolls removed effective April 5, 2022
Niagara Veterans Memorial Highway
Niagara Veterans Memorial Highway
Number
Highway 420
Length (km)
3.3
Length (mi)
2.1
Southern or western terminus
Regional Road 98 (Montrose Road)
Northern or eastern terminus
US 62 at Canada–United States border on Rainbow Bridge in Niagara Falls
Local names
Niagara Veterans Memorial Highway
Formed
01941-11-011941
Removed
current
Number
Length (km)
Length (mi)
Southern or western terminus
Northern or eastern terminus
Local names
Formed
Removed
Notes
Highway 400
226.0
140.4
Maple Leaf Drive in Toronto(continues as Black Creek Drive)
Highway 69 in Carling
Toronto–Barrie Highway
01952-07-011952
current
Scheduled for extension to Sudbury.
Highway 401
828.0
514.5
Ojibway Parkway in Windsor
A-20 towards Montreal, QC
Macdonald–Cartier Freeway, Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway, Highway of Heroes
01952-07-011952
current
Busiest highway in North America. Scheduled for extension to American border following completion of the Gordie Howe International Bridge.
Highway 402
102.5
63.7
I-69 / I-94 at Canada–United States border on Blue Water Bridge in Point Edward
Highway 401 in London
01953-01-011953
current
Highway 403
125.2
77.8
Highway 401 near Woodstock
Highway 401 / Highway 410 in Mississauga
Chedoke Expressway, Alexander Graham Bell Parkway
01963-12-011963
current
Highway 404
50.1
31.1
Highway 401 / DVP in Toronto
Regional Road 8 (Woodbine Avenue) in East Gwillimbury
01977-01-011977
current
Highway 405
8.7
5.4
Queen Elizabeth Way – St. Catharines
I-190 at Canada–United States border on Queenston-Lewiston Bridge towards Lewiston, NY
General Brock Parkway
01963-09-111963
current
Highway 406
26.0
16.2
East Main Street in Welland
Queen Elizabeth Way in St. Catharines
01965-12-071965
current
407 ETR / Highway 407
151.4
94.1
Highway 403 / Queen Elizabeth Way in Burlington
Highway 35 / Highway 115 in Clarington
01997-06-071997
current
Freeway divided into two sections: 407 ETR, with the latter tolled and privately operated, and Highway 407E; tolls removed on Highway 407E effective June 1, 2025
Highway 409
5.6
3.5
Pearson Airport in Mississauga
Highway 401 in Toronto
Belfield Expressway
01978-08-251978
current
Highway 410
20.3
12.6
Highway 401 / Highway 403 in Mississauga
Highway 10 (Hurontario Street) in Caledon
01978-11-151978
current
Highway 412
10.0
6.2
Highway 401 in Whitby
Highway 407 in Whitby
West Durham Link
02016-06-202016
current
Route number assigned February 5, 2015; tolls removed effective April 5, 2022
Highway 416
76.4
47.5
Highway 401 towards Brockville
Highway 417 in Ottawa
Veterans Memorial Highway
01999-09-231999
current
Highway 417
192.0
119.3
Highway 17 in Arnprior
A-40 (TCH) towards Montreal, QC
Queensway, Trans-Canada Highway
01971-01-011971
current
Unlike most freeways, kilometre posts are numbered east to west.
Highway 418
12.8
8.0
Highway 401 in Clarington
Highway 407 in Clarington
East Durham Link
02019-12-092019
current
Route number assigned February 5, 2015; tolls removed effective April 5, 2022
Highway 420
3.3
2.1
Regional Road 98 (Montrose Road)
US 62 at Canada–United States border on Rainbow Bridge in Niagara Falls
Niagara Veterans Memorial Highway
01941-11-011941
current
Highway 427
27
17
Queen Elizabeth Way/Gardiner Expressway in Toronto
Regional Road 25 (Major Mackenzie Drive) in Vaughan
01971-12-041971
current
mi) extension to Regional Road 25 (Major Mackenzie Drive) opened September 18, 2021
Queen Elizabeth Way
139.1
86.4
I-190 at Canada–United States border on Peace Bridge in Fort Erie
Highway 427/Gardiner Expressway in Toronto
01937-12-311937
current
Internally referred to as Highway 451 in the Ontario Ministry of Transportation
mw- .mw-

References

  1. Ministry of Transportation of Ontario
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110706192209/http://www.raqsb.mto.gov.on.ca/techpubs/TrafficVolumes.nsf/tvweb?OpenForm&Seq=5
  2. The Niagara Falls Review
    https://web.archive.org/web/20151222082645/http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/2014/02/21/search-engine-highway-mysteries-solved
  3. Ontario Road Map
  4. The Gazette
    https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b74tAAAAIBAJ&dq=mcqueston%20highway&pg=3117%2C2124256
  5. Stamp (1987), pp. 11–12.
  6. The Globe And Mail
  7. Stamp (1987), p. [page needed].
  8. "Highway 401: The Story"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080328001341/http://www.roadscholar.on.ca/lateststory.html
  9. Heritage Impact Assessment: Christina Street Bridge over Highway 402, Sarnia
    http://www.historicbridges.org/concrete/christina/historical.pdf
  10. Ministry of Transportation and Communications (1972), pp. 8–9.
  11. The Toronto Star
  12. Highway Construction Program: King's and Secondary Highways
  13. Annual Report
  14. Annual Report for the Fiscal Year
    https://books.google.com/books?id=6f8iAQAAIAAJ&q=C.A.H+403
  15. Don Valley Parkway Extension, Highway 401 to Steeles Avenue
  16. The Ottawa Citizen
    https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uT4vAAAAIBAJ&dq=hamilton%20expressway%20toronto&pg=4732%2C2879605
  17. Annual Report
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ngAjAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Highway%20406%22
  18. The Shape of the Suburbs: Understanding Toronto's Sprawl
    https://books.google.com/books?id=dFA2YUVA57wC&q=%22Highway+403%22&pg=PA72
  19. Malton: Farms to Flying
    http://www.mississauga.ca/file/COM/9634_MaltonBook_PartFour.pdf
  20. "The Queensway Began with a Royal Blast: Flashback to 1957"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120426061730/http://www.carlingtoncommunity.org/?p=1492
  21. Ontario Department of Highways (1970), p. 11.
  22. Construction Program: King's and Secondary Highways
  23. Ontario Department of Highways (1970), p. 12.
  24. Settlement of Claim of Richard Prendiville
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140727041251/http://www.kmlaw.ca/site_documents/011240_SOC_18dec01.pdf
  25. Construction Program: King's and Secondary Highways
  26. A Historical Timeline for the Township of Gloucester
    http://www.gloucesterhistory.com/history.html
  27. The Globe and Mail
  28. The Globe and Mail
  29. The History of Toronto's Unfinished Expressway System
    http://ep.probeinternational.org/2009/04/05/history-torontos-unfinished-expressway-system/
  30. The Globe and Mail
  31. Highway Construction Program 1972-73
  32. Stamp (1992), p. 129.
  33. Stamp (1987), pp. 59–61.
  34. Annual Report
  35. Ontario Road Map
  36. Ontario Road Map
  37. "Highway 69 Four-Laning Port Severn to Parry Sound"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20000823222037/http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/highway69/images/highway69.pdf
  38. Northern Transportation, Construction Projects
    https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0714-1149
  39. The Toronto Star
  40. Provincial Highways Construction Projects
    https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0714-1149
  41. Northern Transportation Construction Projects 1988–89
    https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0714-1149
  42. Northern Transportation, Construction Projects
    https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0714-1149
  43. Toronto Star
  44. Caledon Enterprise
    http://www.caledonenterprise.com/news-story/1368052-hwy-410-extension-causing-confusion/
  45. Cottage Country Now
    http://www.muskokaregion.com/news-story/3646903--177-million-section-of-highway-now-open/
  46. The Pembroke Observer
    http://www.thedailyobserver.ca/2012/11/30/highway-417-opens-at-arnprior
  47. NewsTalk 1010
    http://www.newstalk1010.com/news/2014/09/17/highway-404-extension-opens
  48. News.Ontario.ca
    https://news.ontario.ca/mto/en/2015/11/new-rt-hon-herb-gray-parkway-in-windsor-now-complete.html
  49. Niagara This Week
    http://www.niagarathisweek.com/news-story/3260291-406-widening-underway/
  50. The Guelph Mercury
  51. Proceedings ... Annual Meeting
  52. "Partial Cloverleaf Interchange (Parclo)"
    http://canadiandesignresource.ca/transportation/partial-cloverleaf-interchange-parclo/
  53. Ontario Road Safety Annual Report
    http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/publications/pdfs/ontario-road-safety-annual-report-2017.pdf
  54. Global News
    https://globalnews.ca/news/5226562/ontario-proposing-raising-speed-limits-400-series-highways/
  55. "Consultation: Speed Limits on Ontario Highways"
    https://www.ontario.ca/page/consultation-speed-limits-ontario-highways
  56. "Ontario Raising Highway Speed Limits"
    https://news.ontario.ca/en/release/1001886/ontario-raising-highway-speed-limits
  57. "Raising Speed Limits on Ontario Highways"
    https://www.ontario.ca/page/raising-speed-limits-ontario-highways
  58. "Ontario Raising Highway Speed Limits"
    https://news.ontario.ca/en/release/1004476/ontario-raising-highway-speed-limits
  59. "Ontario plans to raise speed limit on 400-series highways, premier says"
    https://ottawacitizen.com/news/ontario-raise-speed-limit-400-series-highways#:~:text=TORONTO%20%E2%80%94%20Ontario%20Premier%20Doug%20Ford,that%20first%20began%20in%202019.
  60. "Ontario Traffic Manual Book 8: Guide and Information Signs – Volume 1"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160308150328/http://www.directtraffic.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Book-81.pdf
  61. "Tourism-Oriented Directional Signing (TODS) Program"
    http://www.mtc.gov.on.ca/en/tourism/tods.shtml
  62. Highway 69 Action Plan
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140309201327/http://www.thepixelwarehouse.com/69_2006/pdf/2005_HWY69_ActionPlan_e.pdf
  63. "Highway Traffic Act"
    https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90h08
  64. www.thekingshighway.ca
    https://www.thekingshighway.ca/Queen_Elizabeth_Way.htm
  65. Evaluating HOV Plans and Priorities – the Case of Expressways in the GTA
    http://conf.tac-atc.ca/english/resourcecentre/readingroom/conference/conf2008/docs/k2/Pringle.pdf
  66. "McGuinty Government To Improve Commuters Lives With HOV Lane Network"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082223/http://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/mcguinty-government-to-improve-commuters-lives-with-hov-lane-network-533803981.html
  67. "Ontario's High Occupancy Vehicle Lane Network Plan for the 400-Series Highways in the Greater Golden Horseshoe"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20141018093151/http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/hov/plan2007.shtml
  68. "The Big Move - Strategy #3 - Improve the Efficiency of the Road and Highway Network"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170206011636/http://www.metrolinx.com/thebigmove/en/strategies/strategy3.aspx
  69. Global News
    http://globalnews.ca/news/2081100/hov-lane-restrictions-now-in-effect-for-pan-am-games/
  70. Ontario
    https://news.ontario.ca/en/release/45268/adding-more-lanes-to-highway-400-to-keep-people-moving
  71. Lecce, Stephen [@sflecce]
    https://x.com/sflecce/status/1436473186799980544
  72. "Ontario Opens Highway 427 Expansion"
    https://news.ontario.ca/en/release/1000814/ontario-opens-highway-427-expansion
  73. Ministry of Transportation of Ontario [@sflecce]
    https://x.com/sflecce/status/1458842103824498700
  74. "Ontario's highway programs"
    https://www.ontario.ca/page/ontarios-highway-programs
  75. Province of Ontario
    https://www.ontario.ca/page/connecting-north-draft-transportation-plan-northern-ontario
  76. Gordie Howe International Bridge
    https://www.gordiehoweinternationalbridge.com/en/project-overview
  77. Province of Ontario
    https://www.ontario.ca/page/connecting-ggh-transportation-plan-greater-golden-horseshoe
  78. Highway 413
    https://www.highway413.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/AECOM-Bulletin-AUG-07-2020-Final-web.pdf
  79. Province of Ontario
    https://www.ontario.ca/page/connecting-east-draft-transportation-plan-eastern-ontario
  80. Bradford Bypass
    https://www.bradfordbypass.ca/overview/
  81. Shragge & Bagnato (1984), pp. 89–92.
  82. Long-Life Concrete Pavements in Europe and Canada
    https://international.fhwa.dot.gov/pubs/pl07027/llcp_07_02.cfm
  83. The Toronto Star
  84. "Map / Toll Calculator"
    https://www.407etr.com/en/tolls/tolls/toll-calculator.html
  85. The Toronto Star
  86. Public and Safety Information Section (November 9, 1978). "Highway 410 Opens November 15" (Press release). Ministry of Transportation and Communications.
  87. Whitby This Week
    http://www.durhamregion.com/news-story/6728167-update-hwy-407-from-pickering-to-oshawa-opens-june-20-toll-free-until-end-of-2016/
  88. "New Highway Numbers"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150419132510/http://www.highway407east.com/spotlight/new-highway-numbers/
  89. CTV News Toronto
    https://www.ctvnews.ca/toronto/article/unfair-tolls-ford-officially-scraps-tolls-on-two-ontario-highways/
  90. On-Site Magazine
    https://www.on-sitemag.com/roads/extension-of-ontario-hwy-407-new-hwy-418-open-east-of-toronto/1003966229/
  91. Stamp (1987), pp. 124–127.
  92. Shragge & Bagnato (1984), pp. 79–81.
Image
Source: —
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.