-
Attributed to multiple sources:
-
Attributed to multiple sources:
-
Individuals listed below have personally expressed an interest in seeking the 2028 Republican Party presidential nominat
-
Individuals listed below have been mentioned as potential 2028 presidential candidates in at least two reliable media so
-
Kinzinger has declined interest in running for president in 2028 as a Republican, but has expressed interest in running
-
Individuals listed below have personally expressed an interest in seeking the 2028 Democratic Party presidential nominat
-
Sanders is an independent, but he caucuses with the Democratic Party.
-
Individuals listed below have personally expressed an interest in running for president in 2028 in at least two reliable
-
Sinema was a registered Democrat until 2022, at which point she changed her registration to independent, and continued t
-
Chris Christie 4.0%, Kari Lake 1.9%, Byron Donalds 1.3%, Rand Paul 1.1%, Greg Abbott 1.0%, Josh Hawley 1.0%
-
Key:A – all adultsRV – registered votersLV – likely votersV – unclear
-
Registered Independent, left Democratic Party in 2023
-
Ineligible per the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution
-
None of the above 12.1%, Greg Abbott 1.0%, Tom Cotton 0.5%, Brian Kemp 0.4%, Tim Scott 0.2%, Kristi Noem 0.1%
-
Tulsi Gabbard 3%, Tucker Carlson 1%, Kristi Noem 1%, Tim Scott 1%, Josh Hawley 1%, Marjorie Taylor Greene *%, Sarah Huck
-
Tulsi Gabbard 3%, Glenn Youngkin 2%, Someone else 6%
-
Greg Abbott 2%, Rick Scott 2%, S. Huckabee Sanders 2%, Glenn Youngkin 1%, Tulsi Gabbard 1%, Kristi Noem 1%, Tim Scott 1%
-
Tulsi Gabbard 1%, Sarah Huckabee Sanders 1%, Glenn Youngkin 1%, Josh Hawley 1%, Doug Burgum *%, Kristi Noem *%, Tim Scot
-
Other 5%, Tucker Carlson 3%
-
Mike Pence 1%, Tulsi Gabbard 1%, Tim Scott 0%, Someone else 3%
-
Someone else 5.7%
-
Tom Cotton 2%, S. Huckabee Sanders 2%, Tim Scott 2%, Glenn Youngkin 1%, Tulsi Gabbard 1%, Kristi Noem 1%, Greg Abbott 1%
-
Tulsi Gabbard 1%, Tim Scott 1%, Sarah Huckabee Sanders 1%, Steve Bannon 1%, Kristi Noem *%, Josh Hawley *%, Someone else
-
Tim Scott 2%, Elise Stefanik 1%, Kristi Noem 1%, Glenn Youngkin 1%, Scott Bessent 1%, Steve Bannon 1%, None of the menti
-
Sarah Huckabee Sanders 2%, Glenn Youngkin 1%, Tom Cotton 1%, Someone else 2%
-
Sarah Huckabee Sanders 6%, Glenn Youngkin 4%, Tim Scott 2%, Brian Kemp 2%, Rand Paul 1%, Another candidate 4%
-
Tulsi Gabbard 2%, S. Huckabee Sanders 2%, Tim Scott 1%, Kristi Noem 1%, Tom Cotton 1%, Rick Scott 0%, Greg Abbott 0%, Gl
-
Tulsi Gabbard 4%, Glenn Youngkin 2%, Sarah Huckabee Sanders 2%, Tim Scott 1%, Steve Bannon *%, Kristi Noem *%, Doug Burg
-
None of the above 7.7%, Tim Scott 1.6%, Brian Kemp 0.3%, Tom Cotton 0.3%, Kristi Noem 0.1%
-
Mike Pence 2%, Tulsi Gabbard 1%, Tim Scott 1%, Someone else 2%
-
Sarah Huckabee Sanders 4%, Tim Scott 4%, Rand Paul 2%, Brian Kemp 2%, Glenn Youngkin 1%, Another candidate 6%
-
S. Huckabee Sanders 2%, Tulsi Gabbard 2%, Glenn Youngkin 2%, Greg Abbott 2%, Tim Scott 1%, Kristi Noem 1%, Tom Cotton 1%
-
Brian Kemp 2.2%, Tulsi Gabbard 1.5%, Glenn Youngkin 0.9%, Kristi Noem 0.8%, Someone else 1.9%
-
Sarah Huckabee Sanders 2%, Tulsi Gabbard 2%, Josh Hawley 1%, Kristi Noem 1%, Steve Bannon *%, Glenn Youngkin *%, Tim Sco
-
None of the above 7.6%, Tim Scott 2.6%, Kristi Noem 1.4%, Greg Abbott 0.9%, Brian Kemp 0.2%, Tom Cotton 0.2%
-
Sarah Huckabee Sanders 3%, Tim Scott 1%, Tulsi Gabbard 1%, Glenn Youngkin 1%, Steve Bannon 1%, Josh Hawley *%, Kristi No
-
Glenn Youngkin 2%, S. Huckabee Sanders 1%, Tim Scott 1%, Greg Abbott 1%, Rick Scott 1%, Tom Cotton 1%, Elise Stefanik 1%
-
Kristi Noem 2%, Tulsi Gabbard 1%, Glenn Youngkin 1%, Brian Kemp <0.5%, Scott Bessent <0.5%, Someone else 4%
-
Other Republican 11%
-
Greg Abbott 2%, Tulsi Gabbard 2%, Kristi Noem 1%, Glenn Youngkin 1%, S. Huckabee Sanders 1%, Tim Scott 1%, Tom Cotton 1%
-
Tim Scott 2.2%, Glenn Youngkin 1.1%, Tom Cotton 0.9%, Greg Abbott 0.8%, Brian Kemp 0.7%, Kristi Noem 0.5%, None of the l
-
Tulsi Gabbard 2%, Rick Scott 1%, Kristi Noem 1%, S. Huckabee Sanders 1%, Tim Scott 1%, Greg Abbott 1%, Elise Stefanik 1%
-
Tim Scott 2%, Kristi Noem 2%, Glenn Youngkin 1%, Elise Stefanik 1%, Steve Bannon 1%, Scott Bessent 0%, None of the menti
-
3% for Glenn Youngkin; 1% for Tulsi Gabbard, Sarah Huckabee Sanders, and Tim Scott; <1% for Steve Bannon, Doug Burgum, J
-
2% Sarah Huckabee Sanders, 2% Kristi Noem, 1% Tulsi Gabbard, 1% Glenn Youngkin, 1% Rick Scott, 1% Elise Stefanik, 1% Gre
-
Polling was conducted under the hypothetical pretext of an amendment to the US constitution removing or changing the pre
-
Scott 2%, Bannon 1%, Youngkin 1%, Noem 1%, Someone else 7%
-
Youngkin 2%, Noem 1%, Bannon 1%, Bessent 1%, Scott 1%, Someone else 8%
-
Youngkin 2%, Scott 1%, Stefanik 1%, Noem 1%, Someone else 7%
-
Tulsi Gabbard 2%, Tucker Carlson 1%, Tim Scott 1%, Someone else 2%
-
Kristi Noem 8%, Tucker Carlson 5%, Glenn Youngkin 3%
-
Josh Hawley 1%, Sarah Huckabee Sanders 1%, Kristi Noem 1%, Tulsi Gabbard 1%, Tim Scott 1%, someone else 2%
-
2% for Tulsi Gabbard; 1% for Steve Bannon, Josh Hawley, Brian Kemp, Tim Scott, and Glenn Youngkin; 3% for "Other"
-
4% for Tulsi Gabbard, 2% for Josh Hawley, Brian Kemp, and Tim Scott; 1% for Steve Bannon and Marjorie Taylor Greene; <0.
-
Tim Scott 1%, Tulsi Gabbard 1%, someone else 2%
-
"I would not vote" with 7%
-
Kristi Noem 2%, Sarah Huckabee Sanders 1%, Glenn Youngkin 1%, Josh Hawley 1%, Tim Scott 1%
-
Tulsi Gabbard and Kristi Noem with 2%; Greg Abbott, Tom Cotton, Larry Hogan, Sarah Huckabee Sanders, Rick Scott, and Tim
-
Kristi Noem and Sarah Huckabee Sanders with 2%; Doug Burgum, Josh Hawley, Tim Scott, and Glenn Youngkin with 1%; Katie B
-
Tulsi Gabbard with 3%; Gregg Abbott & Glenn Youngkin with 2%; Larry Hogan, Kristi Noem, Sarah Huckabee Sanders & Tim Sco
-
Tim Scott with 3%; Tulsi Gabbard, Sarah Huckabee Sanders & Glenn Youngkin with 2%; Greg Abbott, Tom Cotton, Kristi Noem
-
Greg Abbott, Tucker Carlson, Brian Kemp, Sarah Huckabee Sanders, and Glenn Youngkin with 1%; Someone else with 5%; Would
-
Tulsi Gabbard and Candace Owens with 1%; Elon Musk, and Glenn Youngkin with <1%; Someone else with 5%
-
Musk is not eligible to serve as president as he is not a natural-born citizen
-
Sarah Huckabee Sanders with 2%; Josh Hawley, Tim Scott, Glenn Youngkin, and Kristi Noem with 1%; Katie Britt, Doug Burgu
-
Sarah Huckabee Sanders with 3%; Josh Hawley, and Tim Scott with 2%; Katie Britt, Byron Donalds, and Glenn Youngkin with
-
Tucker Carlson with 6%; Greg Abbott with 3%; Kari Lake and Glenn Youngkin with 2%; Tom Cotton, Byron Donalds, Josh Hawle
-
Nikki Haley 3.1%, Vivek Ramaswamy 1.6%, Marjorie Taylor Greene 1.3%, Kristi Noem 0.6%, Someone else 0.5%
-
Nikki Haley 4.6%, Vivek Ramaswamy 3.9%, Kristi Noem 2.4%, Tulsi Gabbard 1.5%, Brian Kemp 0.9%, Scott Bessent 0.5%, Glenn
-
name
-
Sanders 3%, Cruz 3%, Haley 3%, Kennedy 2%, Ramaswamy 2%, Scott 1%, Paul 1%, Youngkin 1%
-
Rubio 4%, Sanders 2%, Ramaswamy 2%, Paul 2%, Youngkin 2%, Kennedy 1%, Cruz 1%
-
Gabbard 1%, Paul 1%, Sanders 1%
-
1% for Cruz, 1% for Youngkin
-
Sanders 4%, Paul 4%, Scott 1%, Cotton 1%
-
Cheney 3%, Kennedy 2%, Cruz 1%, Other 5%
-
Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 2.2%, Nikki Haley 1.4%, Ted Cruz 1.3%, Brian Kemp 0.1%, Someone else 3.7%
-
Registered Independent, left Democratic Party in 2023
-
Vivek Ramaswamy 3%, Nikki Haley 2.7%, Ted Cruz 2.4%, Kristi Noem 1%, Glenn Youngkin 0.8%, Brian Kemp 0.8%, Tulsi Gabbard
-
Nikki Haley 4%, Robert F. Kennedy Jr 2.2%, Brian Kemp 1.2%, Kristi Noem 1%, Scott Bessent 0.9%, Tulsi Gabbard 0.8%, Ted
-
Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 4.9%, Nikki Haley 4.1%, Vivek Ramaswamy 2.9%, Glenn Youngkin 1.5%, Tulsi Gabbard 1.3%, Kristi Noem
-
Ramaswamy 2%, Paul 1%
-
Tim Walz 3.5%, Jasmine Crockett 2.7%, Mark Cuban 2.3%, Jon Stewart 2.0%, Mark Kelly 1.6%, Roy Cooper 1.0%, Chris Murphy
-
Tim Walz 3.3%
-
Andy Beshear 5.8%, Gretchen Whitmer 1.8%, Ro Khanna 1.8%, "None of the above" 1.5%, Rahm Emanuel 1.1%, Wes Moore 1.1%, R
-
Andy Beshear 3%, Mark Kelly 2%, Gretchen Whitmer 2%, Rahm Emanuel 1%, Chris Murphy 1%, Raphael Warnock 1%, Jared Polis *
-
Andy Beshear 4%, Gretchen Whitmer 3%, Someone else 5%
-
Jasmine Crockett 5%, Stephen A. Smith 2%, Gretchen Whitmer 2%, Roy Cooper 1%, Wes Moore 1%, Rahm Emanuel 1%, Amy Klobuch
-
Mark Cuban 3%, Andy Beshear 2%, Jasmine Crockett 2%, Jon Stewart 2%, Gretchen Whitmer 1%, Raphael Warnock 1%, Chris Murp
-
Other 3%
-
Bernie Sanders 6%, Elizabeth Warren 3%, Mark Kelly 1%, Gretchen Whitmer 1%, Amy Klobuchar 0%, Someone else 4%
-
Andy Beshear 2.2%, Bernie Sanders 1.9%, Gretchen Whitmer 1.0%, Someone else 7.8%
-
Gretchen Whitmer 4%, Wes Moore 3%, Stephen A. Smith 1%
-
Jasmine Crockett 3%, Stephen A. Smith 3%, Amy Klobuchar 2%, Gretchen Whitmer 1%, Wes Moore 1%, Roy Cooper 1%, Phil Murph
-
Jasmine Crockett 3%, Jon Stewart 2%, Gretchen Whitmer 2%, Andy Beshear 2%, Raphael Warnock 1%, Mark Cuban 1%, Stephen A.
-
Gretchen Whitmer 3%, Someone else 2%, Wes Moore 1%
-
Gretchen Whitmer 4%, Another candidate 5%
-
Jasmine Crockett 5%, Amy Klobuchar 2%, Gretchen Whitmer 1%, Roy Cooper 1%, Wes Moore 1%, Jared Polis 1%, Stephen A. Smit
-
Jasmine Crockett 3%, Mark Cuban 3%, Gretchen Whitmer 2%, Jon Stewart 2%, John Fetterman 1%, Andy Beshear 1%, Chris Murph
-
Andy Beshear 2.7%, Raphael Warnock 0.6%, Wes Moore 0.6%, Gretchen Whitmer 0.3%, Stephen A. Smith 0.2%, None of the above
-
Bernie Sanders 5%, Elizabeth Warren 3%, Mark Kelly 2%, Gretchen Whitmer 2%, Amy Klobuchar 1%, Someone else 4%
-
Gretchen Whitmer 2%
-
Gretchen Whitmer 2%, Another candidate 3%
-
Jasmine Crockett 3%, Gretchen Whitmer 2%, Roy Cooper 1%, Wes Moore 1%, Phill Murphy 1%, Amy Klobuchar 1%, Jared Polis 1%
-
Bernie Sanders 2.5%, Andy Beshear 2%, Wes Moore 1.9%, Gretchen Whitmer 1.5%, Ro Khanna 1.3%, Amy Klobuchar 0.8%, Rahm Em
-
Andy Beshear 2%, Gretchen Whitmer 2%, Wes Moore 1%
-
Jasmine Crockett 3%, Gretchen Whitmer 3%, Mark Cuban 2%, Andy Beshear 2%, Wes Moore 1%, Jon Stewart 1%, Stephen A. Smith
-
Mamdani is not eligible to serve as president as he is not a natural-born citizen.
-
Zohran Mamdani 4%, None of the above 2.3%, Gretchen Whitmer 1.4%, Raphael Warnock 0.5%, Rahm Emanuel 0.3%
-
Mark Cuban 3%, Gretchen Whitmer 3%, Andy Beshear 2%, Chris Murphy 2%, John Fetterman 2%, Wes Moore 1%, Jasmine Crockett
-
Mark Cuban 4%, Gretchen Whitmer 3%, John Fetterman 2%, Wes Moore 2%, Andy Beshear 2%, Jasmine Crockett 2%, Chris Murphy
-
Gretchen Whitmer 4%, Amy Klobuchar 3%, Roy Cooper 2%, Stephen A. Smith 2%, Jasmine Crockett 2%, Wes Moore 1%, Phil Murph
-
Wes Moore 3%, 12% some other candidate
-
Gretchen Whitmer 5%, Wes Moore 2%, Stephen A. Smith 2%
-
Gretchen Whitmer 7%, Wes Moore 4%, Stephen A. Smith 4%
-
Charles Barkley 6%
-
Bernie Sanders 5%, Gretchen Whitmer 3%, Andy Beshear 2%, Wes Moore 2%, Amy Klobuchar 1%, Rahm Emanual 1%, Someone else 2
-
Other Democrat 33%
-
Gretchen Whitmer 3%, Jasmine Crockett 2%, Rahm Emanuel 2%, Amy Klobuchar 2%, Roy Cooper 1%, Wes Moore 1%, Stephen A. Smi
-
Mark Cuban 4%, Gretchen Whitmer 2%, Amy Klobuchar 2%, Andy Beshear 1%, Jared Polis 1%, Ruben Gallego 1%, John Fetterman
-
Gretchen Whitmer 3.7%, Raphael Warnock 1.4%, Chris Murphy 0.4%, Ro Khanna 0.3%, Stephen A. Smith 0.3%, Andy Beshear 0.2%
-
Gretchen Whitmer 3%, Amy Klobuchar 3%, Jasmine Crockett 2%, Stephen A. Smith 1%, Roy Cooper 1%, Jared Polis 1%, Phil Mur
-
Jasmine Crockett at 3%; Mark Cuban and Gretchen Whitmer at 2%; Andy Beshear, John Fetterman, Wes Moore, Chris Murphy, Ja
-
2% Jasmine Crockett, 2% Roy Cooper, 2% Amy Klobuchar, 1% Gretchen Whitmer, 1% Phil Murphy, 1% Wes Moore, 1% Stephen A. S
-
Elizabeth Warren 4%, Wes Moore 1%, Gretchen Whitmer 1%, Andy Beshear 1%, Rahm Emanuel 1%, Mark Kelly 1%, Someone else 2%
-
Bernie Sanders with 6%
-
9% for Gretchen Whitmer; 2% for Andy Beshear, Raphael Warnock, and Chris Murphy
-
Gretchen Whitmer; 3% for Amy Klobuchar and Jon Stewart; 2% for Andy Beshear and Mark Cuban; 1% for Chris Murphy
-
4% for Gretchen Whitmer; 2% for Andy Beshear, Mark Cuban, Amy Klobuchar, and Jon Stewart; 1% for Chris Murphy and Wes Mo
-
Jasmine Crockett 3%, Jon Stewart 3%, and Gretchen Whitmer 3%, Wes Moore 2%, Andy Beshear 1%, Stephen A. Smith 1%, Jared
-
4% for Mark Kelly; 3% for Andy Beshear, Mark Cuban and Gretchen Whitmer; 1% for Roy Cooper, John Fetterman, Ruben Galleg
-
Bernie Sanders 8%, Mark Kelly 4%, Elizabeth Warren 2%, Gretchen Whitmer 2%, someone else 3%
-
Mark Cuban 4%, Gretchen Whitmer 2%, Andy Beshear 2%, Amy Klobuchar 2%, Chris Murphy 1%, Jared Polis 1%, John Fetterman 1
-
Jasmine Crockett 3%, Mark Cuban 3%, Gretchen Whitmer 2%, Andy Beshear 2%, Jared Polis 1%, John Fetterman 1%, Raphael War
-
Someone else with 11%; Mark Cuban with 7%; Gretchen Whitmer with 4%; Andy Beshear with 3%; Wes Moore with 2%; Phil Murph
-
Gretchen Whitmer with 4%; Amy Klobuchar with 3%; Roy Cooper, Beto O'Rourke with 2%; Wes Moore, Phil Murphy, Deval Patric
-
Gretchen Whitmer with 4%; Mark Cuban with 3%; Jasmine Crockett, John Fetterman and Raphael Warnock with 2%; Andy Beshear
-
Amy Klobuchar & Gretchen Whitmer with 3%; Wes Moore, & Stephen A. Smith with 2%; Phil Murphy, Jared Polis & Beto O'Rourk
-
Gretchen Whitmer & Beto O'Rourke with 3%; Amy Klobuchar, Wes Moore, Phil Murphy & Deval Patrick with 1%; Jared Polis wit
-
Gretchen Whitmer with 3%; Michelle Obama and Bernie Sanders with 2%; Hakeem Jeffries, Wes Moore, Jon Stewart, and Rashid
-
Gretchen Whitmer with 3%; Andy Beshear with 2%; Jared Polis and Wes Moore with 1%; Someone else with 1%
-
Gretchen Whitmer with 3%; Amy Klobuchar, Elizabeth Warren, and Andy Beshear with 2%; Wes Moore and John Fetterman with 1
-
Mark Kelly and Gretchen Whitmer with 4%; "Someone else" with 7%
-
Gretchen Whitmer with 3%; John Fetterman, and Raphael Warnock with 2%; Andy Beshear and Wes Moore with 1%
-
JB Pritzker 3.5%, Andy Beshear 2.1%, Other 1.8%
-
Tim Walz 4%, Ro Khanna 3%, Andy Beshear 3%, Mark Kelly 2%, JB Pritzker 1%, Ruben Gallego 1%, Gina Raimondo 1%, Chris Mur
-
Andy Beshear 4.8%, Bernie Sanders 3.9%, Tim Walz 2.3%, JB Pritzker 1.9%, Wes Moore 0.8%, Rahm Emanuel 0.8%, Ro Khanna 0.
-
Elizabeth Warren 5%, (Other/Undecided 33.1%)
-
JB Pritzker with 1%; Ruben Gallego and Wes Moore with <1%; "Other" with 18%
-
5% for Whitmer, 2% for Beshear, 2% for Shapiro, 2% for Klobuchar, 2% for Kelly, 1% for Khanna
-
3% for Shapiro, 2% for Klobuchar, 2% for Beshar, 2% for Whitmer, 1% for Murphy, 1% for Moore, 0% for Emanuel, 0% for Gal
-
3% for Beshear, 3% for Kelly, 3% for Klobuchar, 2% for Shapiro, 1% for Whitmer
-
Klobuchar 3%, Shapiro 3%, Whitmer 2%, Other 3%
-
Tim Walz 3.3%, Josh Shapiro 3.2%, Gretchen Whitmer 3.2%, JB Pritzker 2.7%, Wes Moore 2.2%, Amy Klobuchar 1%, Rahm Emanue
-
Cory Booker 1.3%, Amy Klobuchar 1.1%, Gretchen Whitmer 1.0%, Someone else 1.3%
-
Andy Beshear 4.3%, JB Pritzker 3.4%, Josh Shapiro 2.8%, Cory Booker 2.7%, Gretchen Whitmer 1.4%, Rahm Emanuel 1.4%, Amy
-
Cory Booker 3.5%, Tim Walz 3.5%, JB Pritzker 2.5%, Gretchen Whitmer 1.6%, Josh Shapiro 1.4%, Andy Beshear 1.3%, Amy Klob
-
4% for Beshear, 1% for Moore, 1% for Shapiro, 1% for Klobuchar, 1% for Kelly, 1% for Whitmer
-
"Why inflation in one battleground state could sway the election"
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/presidential-election-harris-trump-inflation-could-decide-outcome/ -
"Why inflation helped tip the election toward Trump, according to experts"
https://abcnews.go.com/Business/inflation-helped-tip-election-trump-experts/story?id=115601699 -
"Inflation, elections and war dominated 2024"
https://www.reuters.com/world/inflation-elections-war-dominated-2024-2024-12-23/ -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/06/us/trump-immigration-border.html -
FiveThirtyEight
https://abcnews.go.com/538/immigration-swung-voters-color-trump/story?id=116016407 -
FiveThirtyEight
https://abcnews.go.com/538/voters-chose-trump/story?id=115827243 -
Financial Times
https://www.ft.com/content/e8ac09ea-c300-4249-af7d-109003afb893 -
"Democrats aren't alone — incumbent parties have lost elections all around the world"
https://abcnews.go.com/538/democrats-incumbent-parties-lost-elections-world/story?id=115972068 -
Vox
https://www.vox.com/2024-elections/383208/donald-trump-victory-kamala-harris-global-trend-incumbents -
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/2024/11/10/uncalled-house-races-2024-election-results/ -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/02/us/politics/what-is-the-electoral-college.html -
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2015/05/12/everything-you-need-to-know-about-how-the-presidential-primary-works/ -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/27/us/politics/brokered-democratic-convention.html -
The Hill
https://thehill.com/homenews/nexstar_media_wire/4784607-after-biden-drops-out-of-2024-race-does-kamala-harris-become-the-democratic-nominee-not-exactly/ -
"2 U.S. Code § 7 – Time of election"
https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/2/7 -
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/04/11/trump-convicted-felony-serve-president/ -
"The 14th Amendment plan to disqualify Trump, explained"
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-66690276 -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/04/us/politics/trump-supreme-court-colorado-ballot.html -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/article/trump-investigation-conviction.html -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/18/us/politics/trump-third-term-2028-constitution.html -
The Conversation
https://theconversation.com/how-trump-won-pennsylvania-and-what-the-numbers-from-key-counties-show-about-the-future-of-a-pivotal-swing-state-243127 -
CNN
https://edition.cnn.com/2024/11/09/politics/donald-trump-election-what-matters/index.html -
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/nov/10/trump-wins-arizona-completing-sweep-of-all-seven-battleground-states-ap-reports -
Politico
https://www.politico.com/news/2024/11/06/new-jersey-swing-state-red-00187965 -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/07/nyregion/trump-nj-votes-election.html -
Minnesota Star Tribune
https://www.startribune.com/ramstad-minnesota-will-be-a-swing-state-in-2028/601179983 -
Politico Pro
https://subscriber.politicopro.com/article/2025/07/trump-22-points-underwater-in-new-jersey-poll-finds-00486587 -
Politico
https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/08/29/forget-about-ohio-its-fools-gold-00113224 -
The Columbus Dispatch
https://eu.dispatch.com/story/news/politics/state/2024/11/08/gop-scores-huge-wins-in-ohio-whats-next-for-democrats/75368161007/ -
WFTS-TV
https://www.abcactionnews.com/news/state/florida-joins-the-rest-of-the-deep-south-as-a-republican-stronghold -
FiveThirtyEight
https://web.archive.org/web/20220414215627/https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/2020-swing-states/ -
The New York Times
https://archive.today/20240923200639/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/20/us/politics/nebraska-trump-electoral-vote.html -
Nebraska Examiner
https://nebraskaexaminer.com/2025/01/30/defenders-of-nebraskas-blue-dot-come-out-in-force-against-winner-take-all-at-hearing/ -
"Centrist Rep. Don Bacon is done with Congress — but open to a potential presidential bid"
https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/centrist-rep-don-bacon-congress-presidential-bid-rcna216624 -
"EXCLUSIVE: Rep. Bacon sits down with KETV to talk about 2026 and beyond"
https://www.ketv.com/article/exclusive-rep-bacon-sits-down-with-ketv-to-talk-about-2026-and-beyond/65256826 -
Newsweek
https://www.newsweek.com/rand-paul-donald-trump-comments-army-1991000 -
The Atlantic
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/09/rand-pauls-latest-maneuver-against-endless-wars/539457/ -
"Sen. Paul points to business-sector resistance to Trump's tariffs in solidly red Kentucky"
https://apnews.com/article/rand-paul-tariffs-president-donald-trump-631212a58e5e4ade6d136f5f718fe2da -
"Trump says 'I don't know' if must uphold US Constitution as president"
https://apnews.com/article/rand-paul-tariffs-president-donald-trump-631212a58e5e4ade6d136f5f718fe2da -
The Hill
https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/5254704-ted-cruz-challenges-maga/ -
"In Iowa, Trump's agenda collides with 2028 ambitions"
https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/31/politics/iowa-2028-candidates-trump-election-trump -
Courier Journal
https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/politics/2025/07/15/rand-paul-president-2028-election/85195099007/ -
Semafor
https://www.semafor.com/article/09/25/2025/paul-and-massie-team-up-to-ask-if-their-party-has-room-for-trump-critics -
Courier-Journal
https://www.courier-journal.com/videos/news/politics/2025/09/25/rand-paul-2028-presidential-race-donald-trump-tariffs-supreme-court/86352105007/ -
The Hill
https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5316981-trump-2028-successor-candidates-rumors/ -
"Republicans are (quietly) making 2028 moves"
https://www.cnn.com/2025/08/03/politics/gop-2028-presidential-field-republicans-analysis -
"Trump rules out another presidential run, floats Rubio and Vance as potential successors"
https://6abc.com/post/trump-third-term-president-rules-another-presidential-run-floats-rubio-vance-potential-successors/16329961/ -
"Trump elevates Marco Rubio as a potential successor — and as a 2028 rival to Vance"
https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-administration/trump-elevates-marco-rubio-jd-vance-potential-successors-2028-rcna205189 -
The Wall Street Journal
https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/who-is-the-heir-to-the-maga-movement-trump-keeps-his-options-open-0f9e8c5c -
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/nov/02/president-jd-vance-marco-rubio-leader-us -
Financial Times
https://www.ft.com/content/4fdac31f-e2ba-4635-ad9c-72299edce912 -
New York
https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/eric-trump-threatens-political-run-i-think-i-could-do-it.html -
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jun/28/eric-trump-suggests-he-could-run-for-president-when-donald-term-ends -
Newsweek
https://www.newsweek.com/eric-trump-presidential-run-2122511 -
The Hill
https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5481291-eric-trump-white-house-bid/ -
The Hill
https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5311362-jd-vance-marco-rubio-2028-presidential-plans/ -
USA Today
https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/columnist/2025/11/02/trump-third-term-vance-president-2028/86962433007/ -
abc7
https://katv.com/news/nation-world/jd-vance-says-he-wants-to-focus-on-midterms-before-discussing-a-2028-presidential-run-sean-hannity-marco-rubio-gavin-newsom-kamala-harris -
Politico
https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2025/08/06/pritzker-abbott-redistricting-2028-00496168 -
Fox News
https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-issues-complete-total-endorsement-lone-star-governors-race -
Houston Chronicle
https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/texas-take/article/trump-removes-key-hurdle-cruz-abbott-running-21127411.php -
thv11.com
https://www.thv11.com/article/news/local/trump-endorses-tom-cotton-re-election-as-senator/91-fe400e4e-8f5c-4ad8-aeb4-c57409b8d0ee -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/03/opinion/tom-cotton-protests-military.html -
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/apr/16/tom-cotton-gaza-protesters -
"Arkansas farmer Hallie Shoffner announces bid to unseat Sen. Tom Cotton in 2026 race"
https://apnews.com/article/tom-cotton-hallie-shoffner-arkansas-senate-2026-c2bf093a81772e67319aff202ae0ac7b -
BBC
https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-55540215 -
FactCheck.org
https://www.factcheck.org/2015/03/ted-cruzs-presidential-eligibility/ -
Axios
https://www.axios.com/2025/07/07/gop-possible-contenders-2028 -
Axios
https://www.axios.com/2025/11/17/ted-cruz-tucker-carlson-president-2028 -
The Hill
https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/5609211-ted-cruz-2028-presidential-election/ -
Florida Politics
https://floridapolitics.com/archives/745921-ron-desantis-2028-poll/ -
Florida Politics
https://floridapolitics.com/archives/747881-ron-desantis-hits-double-digit-support-in-new-2028-polling-of-republicans/ -
Politico
https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2025/04/15/tariff-debate-2028-presidential-election-00290366 -
The Week
https://theweek.com/politics/2028-presidential-candidates-democrat-republican -
YouGov
https://today.yougov.com/politics/articles/52959-who-do-democrats-and-republicans-want-as-their-2028-presidential-nominees -
The Des Moines Register
https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/2025/07/11/sarah-huckabee-sanders-keynotes-family-leader-event-recalls-iowa-ties/84492648007/ -
Financial Times
https://www.ft.com/content/c4c15a56-6cf6-42d4-8407-6552141f25ef -
Post and Courier
https://www.postandcourier.com/politics/sen-tim-scott-says-his-2022-sc-reelection-bid-will-be-his-last-political-race/article_0ef94de6-bab4-11e9-a59c-9bbb31fbdf41.html -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/08/us/politics/youngkin-interview-q-and-a.html -
Axios
https://www.axios.com/local/richmond/2025/07/17/youngkin-2028-presidential-speculation-iowa-trip -
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2025/07/17/virginia-youngkin-iowa-trump-2028/ -
Iowa Capital Dispatch
https://iowacapitaldispatch.com/2025/07/17/virginia-gov-glenn-youngkin-speaks-in-iowa-on-education-2021-election-win/ -
The Gazette
https://www.thegazette.com/campaigns-elections/virginia-gov-glenn-youngkin-at-iowa-gop-event-says-caucuses-start-the-presidential-nominating-pro/ -
wusa9.com
https://www.wusa9.com/video/news/politics/whats-next-for-virginia-gov-glenn-youngkin/65-cfdca1f3-00a9-4387-8345-6ca7d8aec19e -
New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/04/us/politics/glenn-youngkin-virginia-what-next.html -
"Braun says he has 'no interest' in presidential run"
https://indianacapitalchronicle.com/briefs/braun-says-he-has-no-interest-in-presidential-run/ -
The Salt Lake Tribune
https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2025/11/25/does-republican-utah-gov-spencer/ -
New York Post
https://nypost.com/2025/07/16/us-news/house-speaker-mike-johnson-tells-pod-force-one-he-has-no-plans-to-run-for-president/ -
"Will Adam Kinzinger run for president in 2028?!"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tlwagQIRKAg -
"Marjorie Taylor Greene says she doesn't want to run for president in 2028"
https://www.cnn.com/2025/11/23/politics/marjorie-taylor-greene-run-president-2028 -
"Senator Dave McCormick says he will not run for POTUS"
https://www.abc27.com/news/senator-dave-mccormick-says-he-will-not-run-for-potus/ -
HuffPost
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/donald-trump-jr-2028-presidential-run-rumors_n_67cb4bfce4b056d4513235af -
The Patriot-News
https://www.pennlive.com/news/2025/03/is-donald-trump-jr-planning-2028-presidential-run-he-responds-to-the-reports.html -
ABC News
https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/erika-kirk-endorses-jd-vance-president-2028/story?id=128552499 -
"Democrats are already looking to revamp their early state primary calendar for 2028"
https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/democrats-revamp-2028-early-state-primary-calendar-rcna180397 -
"Democrats make South Carolina first presidential primary voting state"
https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/democrats-make-south-carolina-first-presidential-primary-voting-state-rcna68918 -
"DNC chair race spotlights next fight for first-in-the-nation primary"
https://www.wmur.com/article/closeup-dnc-chair-first-in-the-nation-primary-ray-buckley/63258986 -
The Nevada Independent
https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/nevada-democrats-restart-push-to-be-nations-first-presidential-primary-in-2028 -
Politico
https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/02/15/iowa-caucuses-democratic-national-committee-00082177 -
"Future of the Iowa caucuses: Republicans and Democrats look to 2028"
https://www.kcci.com/article/iowa-caucuses-2028-first-in-the-nation-status/62856317 -
"Iowa loses influential DNC seat, raising concerns over presidential primary influence"
https://cbs2iowa.com/news/local/iowa-loses-influential-dnc-seat-raising-concerns-over-presidential-primary-influence -
The Hill
https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5434223-dnc-chair-says-democrats-will-start-process-of-setting-2028-primary-calendar-this-month/ -
Axios
https://www.axios.com/2025/11/24/democrats-ranked-choice-voting-2028-primaries -
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/aug/04/andy-beshear-vp-pick-kamala-harris-speculation -
WDRB
https://www.wdrb.com/news/politics/gov-andy-beshear-would-consider-presidential-bid-in-2028/article_5f706aca-6a13-4f5c-95ea-bbf0c4a3f2c0.html -
Vanity Fair
https://www.vanityfair.com/news/story/andy-beshear-interview -
NPR
https://www.npr.org/2025/10/02/nx-s1-5556912/kentucky-democrat-andy-beshear -
wmur.com
https://www.wmur.com/article/andy-beshear-2028-presidential-run-question/68886542 -
New Hampshire Bulletin
https://newhampshirebulletin.com/briefs/in-manchester-visit-kentucky-gov-andy-beshear-plays-coy-on-2028-plans/ -
The Hill
https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/5227463-cory-booker-senate-record/ -
The Birmingham News
https://www.al.com/news/2025/09/former-presidential-candidate-possible-2028-contender-announces-engagement.html -
"Potential presidential candidates are less coy about 2028 plans"
https://whyy.org/articles/cory-booker-josh-shapiro-presidential-candidates-2028-election/ -
The Republican
https://www.masslive.com/politics/2025/11/this-dem-senator-says-hes-not-ruling-out-presidential-run-in-2028.html -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/us/politics/pete-buttigieg-drops-out.html -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/14/us/politics/pete-buttigieg-gay.html -
"Former Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg says he won't run for Senate or governor in Michigan"
https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2026-election/former-transportation-sec-pete-buttigieg-passes-michigan-senate-run-rcna196209 -
Axios
https://www.axios.com/2025/05/13/pete-buttigieg-2028-presidential-run-update-democrats -
Politico
https://www.politico.com/news/2025/05/13/buttigieg-assess-2028-presidential-iowa-00345316 -
The Hill
https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5575700-pete-buttigieg-leads-2028-democrats/ -
Seattle Times
https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/nation-politics/jd-vance-and-pete-buttigieg-top-early-nh-presidential-poll/ -
Politico
https://www.politico.com/news/2025/05/14/rahm-emanuel-2028-race-00349928 -
The Atlantic
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2025/10/mayor-rahm-emanuel-2028-presidential-election/684611/ -
The Wall Street Journal
https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/rahm-emanuel-democratic-party-70a5275a -
Vote Smart
https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/32389/josh-green -
"Law Scholar, Documentarian, Lieutenant Governor, and Ballet Dancer Named 2022 Honorary Degree Recipients"
https://www.swarthmore.edu/news-events/law-scholar-documentarian-lieutenant-governor-and-ballet-dancer-named-2022-honorary -
"Hawaii Lt. Gov. Josh Green wins Democratic primary for governor"
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hawaii-primary-election-results-josh-green-brian-schatz-ed-case/ -
"The list of 2028 presidential hopefuls is longer than you think. Just ask Hawaii Gov. Josh Green"
https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2028-election/list-2028-presidential-hopefuls-longer-think-just-ask-hawaii-gov-josh-rcna221684 -
Associated Press
https://apnews.com/article/josh-green-gavin-newsom-2028-ff1a7a7bf776231d6db4beb61a4bbee7 -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/07/us/politics/kamala-harris-2028-run-for-president.html -
"Kamala Harris weighs run for governor or another presidential bid"
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kamala-harris-california-governor-or-presidential-bid/ -
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2025/07/30/kamala-harris-governor-president-2028/ -
"The people of Chicago know we have some deep work to do to fight for the future of our country — and we are in it together. I am grateful to @michele__norris for the meaningful conversation. Durham, I will see you tonight"
https://www.instagram.com/p/DP2FYCtj2xC/ -
"'I am not done' - Kamala Harris tells BBC she may run for president again"
https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2n7k2veywo -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/29/us/politics/newsom-democrats-toxic.html -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/article/joe-biden-democrats-nomination-gavin-newsom-whitmer.html -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/28/us/politics/newsom-president-biden.html -
Newsweek
https://www.newsweek.com/gavin-newsom-chances-democratic-nominee-surge-poll-2087479 -
The Hill
https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5361358-gavin-newsom-2028-presidential-chances/ -
The Independent
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/gavin-newsom-2028-polling-trump-b2810565.html -
"Analysis: Gavin Newsom is owning the MAGAs. How far can he take it?"
https://www.cnn.com/2025/08/19/politics/gavin-newsom-2028-democrats-analysis -
Newsweek
https://www.newsweek.com/gavin-newsom-2028-president-emocratic-nomination-aoc-2114845 -
"Gavin Newsom says he will consider White House run after 2026 elections"
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/newsom-says-he-will-consider-white-house-run-after-2026-elections/ -
Axios
https://www.axios.com/local/phoenix/2024/08/07/mark-kelly-arizona-president-short-list -
Axios (website)
https://www.axios.com/local/phoenix/2025/12/05/kelly-gallego-2028-presidential-buzz -
Politico
https://www.politico.com/news/2025/11/26/democrats-trump-sedition-backfire-00670552 -
The Hill
https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5423405-sen-mark-kelly-2028-presidential/ -
Axios
https://www.axios.com/2025/07/25/2028-presidential-election-democrats-fundraising -
Chicago Sun-Times
https://chicago.suntimes.com/illinois-governor/2025/06/26/jb-pritzker-campaign-reelection-trump -
Axios
https://www.axios.com/2025/04/21/aoc-bernie-sanders-progressives-democrats -
Vanity Fair
https://www.vanityfair.com/news/story/bernie-sanders-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-anti-oligarchy -
Axios
https://www.axios.com/2025/09/19/aoc-2028-democrats-president-senate -
The Hill
https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5639207-ocasio-cortez-2028-poll-harris-newsom/ -
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/nov/28/potential-democratic-2028-presidential-contenders -
THE HILL
https://thehill.com/homenews/house/5653788-poll-shows-ocasio-cortez-vance/ -
The Wall Street Journal
https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/americas-second-richest-elected-official-is-acting-like-he-wants-to-be-president-8b30efa0 -
Associated Press News
https://apnews.com/article/pritzker-illinois-abortion-access-roe-dark-money-16ab0d498d77a4a9d695cff87211928c -
"Illinois Gov. JB Pritzker accelerates abortion advocacy on eve of the election"
https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/gov-jb-pritzker-accelerates-abortion-advocacy-ahead-election-rcna177468 -
CBS News
https://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/news/pritzker-vetting-interviews-possible-running-mate-kamala-harris/ -
"Could Illinois Gov. Pritzker be considering a run for president? Reading the signs"
https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/politics/could-illinois-gov-pritzker-be-considering-a-run-for-president-reading-the-signs/3720695/ -
The Hill
https://thehill.com/homenews/5445184-pritzker-potential-2028-presidential-run/ -
fox32chicago.com
https://www.fox32chicago.com/news/jb-pritzker-presidential-race-question -
Business Insider
https://www.businessinsider.com/the-governors-of-illinois-and-michigan-ignored-dean-phillips-calls-2023-10 -
"Dean Phillips Has a Warning for Democrats"
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2023/10/dean-phillips-joe-biden-2024-primary/675784/ -
Politico
https://www.politico.com/news/2025/06/26/pritzker-launches-governor-campaign-illinois-00425436 -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/27/us/politics/iowa-democrats-president.html -
Jewish Insider
https://jewishinsider.com/2025/08/chris-van-hollen-iowa-democratic-party-speech-israel/ -
Semafor
https://www.semafor.com/article/05/16/2025/democrats-addicted-to-nominating-senators-prepare-for-another-pileup-in-2028 -
Katie Couric Media
https://katiecouric.com/news/politics-and-policy/who-will-run-for-president-in-2028/ -
Axios
https://www.axios.com/2025/07/25/2028-presidential-election-democrats-fundraising -
"Gretchen Whitmer Won't 'Rule Out' 2028 Democratic Presidential Bid"
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-10-30/gretchen-whitmer-won-t-rule-out-2028-democratic-presidential-bid -
"Potential 2028 presidential contenders hit the trail in this year's big campaigns"
https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/potential-2028-presidential-contenders-hit-trail-years-big-campaigns-rcna238144 -
The Hill (newspaper)
http://web.archive.org/web/20250915074942/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5478081-whitmer-democratic-governor-trump/ -
Michigan Advance
https://michiganadvance.com/briefs/whitmer-hints-against-2028-presidential-bid-following-speech-in-toronto/ -
"Biden leaves office nostalgic about five-decade career, and frustrated by how it ended"
https://www.cnn.com/2025/01/18/politics/president-joe-biden-legacy-kamala-harris -
"Are you running for president?"
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/5NJBbPuvIa8 -
"It's the golden age of 'Josh'"
https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/people-named-josh-rcna222090 -
The Baltimore Sun
https://www.baltimoresun.com/2025/09/07/maryland-gov-wes-moore-im-not-running-for-president-in-2028/ -
Vanity Fair
https://www.vanityfair.com/style/story/michelle-obama-kylie-kelce-podcast-white-house-parenting -
The Independent
https://www.the-independent.com/life-style/michelle-obama-barack-children-kylie-kelce-b2719376.html -
Politico
https://www.politico.com/news/2025/02/20/doge-jared-polis-criticism-021299 -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/21/us/politics/bernie-sanders-iowa-trump.html -
"Drawing huge crowds, Bernie Sanders emerges as the leader of the anti-Trump resistance"
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/drawing-huge-crowds-bernie-sanders-emerges-as-the-leader-of-the-anti-trump-resistance -
The Atlantic
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2025/03/elissa-slotkin-democratic-resistance/681933/ -
Black Hills Pioneer
https://www.bhpioneer.com/local_news/walz-i-will-not-run-in-2028/article_ab133b93-633e-4878-8cd7-4142bebb57a4.html -
"Joe Manchin announces he will not run for president"
https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/joe-manchin-announce-will-not-run-president-rcna139120 -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/16/us/politics/joe-manchin.html -
Semafor
https://www.semafor.com/article/09/18/2025/we-need-a-comforter-joe-manchin-re-enters-the-washington-arena -
"Democratic jockeying for the 2028 presidential election is already underway"
https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/democratic-jockeying-2028-presidential-election-already-underway-rcna179653 -
The Hill
https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/5454652-kennedy-jr-denies-2028-run/ -
Semafor
https://www.semafor.com/article/12/20/2024/the-kyrsten-sinema-exit-interview -
Race to the WH
https://www.racetothewh.com/president/2028/gop -
"Can Trump serve a third term as US president?"
https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx20lwedn23o -
Race to the WH
https://www.racetothewh.com/president/2028/dem
