2025 Dutch general election

Early general elections were held in the Netherlands on 29 October 2025 to elect the members of the House of Representatives. The elections had been expected to be held in 2028, but a snap election was called after the Schoof cabinet collapsed due to the Party for Freedom (PVV) withdrawing from the coalition. The margin of votes and seats between the winning and second placed parties, Democrats 66 (D66) and PVV, was the smallest since the size of Parliament was last enlarged in 1956. The social liberal D66 and the right-wing populist PVV ended up jointly being the largest parties, each winning 26 seats in the House. D66 achieved their best-ever result in a general election. The parties that were part of the Schoof cabinet—the PVV, the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), New Social Contract (NSC), and the Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB)—all lost seats, with NSC losing all 20 of their seats. The Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and JA21 made significant gains, with the CDA gaining 13 seats and JA21 gaining 8.

Infobox

Turnout

78.30% ( 0.55pp)

Party

Party Leader Vote % Seats /– D66 Rob Jetten 16.94 26 17 PVV Geert Wilders 16.66 26 −11 VVD Dilan Yeşilgöz 14.24 22 −2 GL-PvdA Frans Timmermans 12.79 20 −5 CDA Henri Bontenbal 11.79 18 13 JA21 Joost Eerdmans 5.95 9 8 FvD Lidewij de Vos 4.54 7 4 BBB Caroline van der Plas 2.65 4 −3 Denk Stephan van Baarle 2.37 3 0 SGP Chris Stoffer 2.25 3 0 PvdD Esther Ouwehand 2.08 3 0 CU Mirjam Bikker 1.90 3 0 SP Jimmy Dijk 1.89 3 −2 50 Jan Struijs 1.43 2 2 Volt Laurens Dassen 1.10 1 −1 This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.Most voted-for party by municipalityMost voted-for party by province Cabinet before Schoof cabinetPVV–VVD–NSC–BBB[a]

Tables

Party		Leader	Vote %	Seats	+/–
	D66	Rob Jetten	16.94	26	+17
	PVV	Geert Wilders	16.66	26	−11
	VVD	Dilan Yeşilgöz	14.24	22	−2
	GL-PvdA	Frans Timmermans	12.79	20	−5
	CDA	Henri Bontenbal	11.79	18	+13
	JA21	Joost Eerdmans	5.95	9	+8
	FvD	Lidewij de Vos	4.54	7	+4
	BBB	Caroline van der Plas	2.65	4	−3
	Denk	Stephan van Baarle	2.37	3	0
	SGP	Chris Stoffer	2.25	3	0
	PvdD	Esther Ouwehand	2.08	3	0
	CU	Mirjam Bikker	1.90	3	0
	SP	Jimmy Dijk	1.89	3	−2
	50+	Jan Struijs	1.43	2	+2
	Volt	Laurens Dassen	1.10	1	−1

· Parties and lead candidates

List

Party

Party for Freedom

Party

PVV

Lead candidate

Geert Wilders

Ideology

NationalismRight-wing populism

2023 result

23.49% (37 seats)

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

GroenLinks–PvdA

Party

GL-PvdA

Lead candidate

Frans Timmermans

Ideology

Social democracyGreen politics

2023 result

15.75% (25 seats)

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

People's Party for Freedom and Democracy

Party

VVD

Lead candidate

Dilan Yeşilgöz

Ideology

Conservative liberalism

2023 result

15.24% (24 seats)

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

New Social Contract

Party

NSC

Lead candidate

Eddy van Hijum

Ideology

Christian democracy

2023 result

12.88% (20 seats)

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

Democrats 66

Party

D66

Lead candidate

Rob Jetten

Ideology

Social liberalismProgressivism

2023 result

6.29% (9 seats)

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

Farmer–Citizen Movement

Party

BBB

Lead candidate

Caroline van der Plas

Ideology

AgrarianismRight-wing populism

2023 result

4.65% (7 seats)

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

Christian Democratic Appeal

Party

CDA

Lead candidate

Henri Bontenbal

Ideology

Christian democracyConservatism

2023 result

3.31% (5 seats)

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

Socialist Party

Party

Lead candidate

Jimmy Dijk

Ideology

Democratic socialismLeft-wing populismCultural conservatism

2023 result

3.15% (5 seats)

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

Denk

Party

Denk

Lead candidate

Stephan van Baarle

Ideology

Social democracySocial conservatismMinority interests

2023 result

2.37% (3 seats)

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

Party for the Animals

Party

PvdD

Lead candidate

Esther Ouwehand

Ideology

Animal rightsEnvironmentalism

2023 result

2.25% (3 seats)

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

Forum for Democracy

Party

FVD

Lead candidate

Lidewij de Vos

Ideology

National conservatismRight-wing populism

2023 result

2.23% (3 seats)

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

Reformed Political Party

Party

SGP

Lead candidate

Chris Stoffer

Ideology

Christian rightSocial conservatism

2023 result

2.08% (3 seats)

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

Christian Union

Party

Lead candidate

Mirjam Bikker

Ideology

Christian democracySocial conservatism

2023 result

2.04% (3 seats)

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

Volt Netherlands

Party

Volt

Lead candidate

Laurens Dassen

Ideology

Social liberalismEuropean federalism

2023 result

1.71% (2 seats)

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

JA21

Party

JA21

Lead candidate

Joost Eerdmans

Ideology

Conservative liberalismRight-wing populism

2023 result

0.68% (1 seat)

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

Peace for Animals

Party

VvD

Lead candidate

Pascale Plusquin [nl]

Ideology

Animal rightsPacifism

2023 result

—

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

Interest of the Netherlands

Party

BVNL

Lead candidate

Wybren van Haga

Ideology

Classical liberalismRight-wing populism

2023 result

0.51% (0 seats)

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

Bij1

Party

BIJ1

Lead candidate

Tofik Dibi

Ideology

SocialismAnti-racism

2023 result

0.42% (0 seats)

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

Libertarian Party

Party

Lead candidate

Tom van Lamoen

Ideology

Libertarianism

2023 result

0.04% (0 seats)

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

50Plus

Party

50+

Lead candidate

Jan Struijs

Ideology

Pensioners' interests

2023 result

0.49% (0 seats)

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

Pirate Party

Party

PPNL

Lead candidate

Matthijs Pontier

Ideology

Privacy advocacy

2023 result

0.09% (0 seats)

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

Frisian National Party

Party

FNP

Lead candidate

Aant Jelle Soepboer

Ideology

RegionalismFrisians interests

2023 result

—

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

Free Alliance

Party

Lead candidate

Bart Burggraaf

Ideology

Classical liberalism

2023 result

—

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

De Linie

Party

Lead candidate

Gerard van Hooft [nl]

2023 result

—

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

Netherlands with a Plan

Party

NLPLAN

Lead candidate

Kok Kuen Chan

2023 result

0.05% (0 seats)

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

Ellect

Party

ELLECT

Lead candidate

Joana Amoah

2023 result

—

Electoraldistricts

List

Party

Party for the Rule of Law

Party

PVDR

Lead candidate

Danielle Tulp

2023 result

—

Electoraldistricts

List	Party			Lead candidate	Ideology	2023 result	Electoraldistricts
1		Party for Freedom	PVV	Geert Wilders	NationalismRight-wing populism	seats)	20
2		GroenLinks–PvdA	GL-PvdA	Frans Timmermans	Social democracyGreen politics	seats)	20
3		People's Party for Freedom and Democracy	VVD	Dilan Yeşilgöz	Conservative liberalism	seats)	20
4		New Social Contract	NSC	Eddy van Hijum	Christian democracy	seats)	20
5		Democrats 66	D66	Rob Jetten	Social liberalismProgressivism	seats)	20
6		Farmer–Citizen Movement	BBB	Caroline van der Plas	AgrarianismRight-wing populism	seats)	20
7		Christian Democratic Appeal	CDA	Henri Bontenbal	Christian democracyConservatism	seats)	20
8		Socialist Party	SP	Jimmy Dijk	Democratic socialismLeft-wing populismCultural conservatism	seats)	20
9		Denk	Denk	Stephan van Baarle	Social democracySocial conservatismMinority interests	seats)	20
10		Party for the Animals	PvdD	Esther Ouwehand	Animal rightsEnvironmentalism	seats)	20
11		Forum for Democracy	FVD	Lidewij de Vos	National conservatismRight-wing populism	seats)	20
12		Reformed Political Party	SGP	Chris Stoffer	Christian rightSocial conservatism	seats)	20
13		Christian Union	CU	Mirjam Bikker	Christian democracySocial conservatism	seats)	20
14		Volt Netherlands	Volt	Laurens Dassen	Social liberalismEuropean federalism	seats)	20
15		JA21	JA21	Joost Eerdmans	Conservative liberalismRight-wing populism	seat)	20
16		Peace for Animals	VvD	Pascale Plusquin [nl]	Animal rightsPacifism	—	20
17		Interest of the Netherlands	BVNL	Wybren van Haga	Classical liberalismRight-wing populism	seats)	20
18		Bij1	BIJ1	Tofik Dibi	SocialismAnti-racism	seats)	20
19		Libertarian Party	LP	Tom van Lamoen	Libertarianism	seats)	19
20		50Plus	50+	Jan Struijs	Pensioners' interests	seats)	19
21		Pirate Party	PPNL	Matthijs Pontier	Privacy advocacy	seats)	18
22		Frisian National Party	FNP	Aant Jelle Soepboer	RegionalismFrisians interests	—	16
23		Free Alliance	VV	Bart Burggraaf	Classical liberalism	—	13
24		De Linie	DL	Gerard van Hooft [nl]		—	10
25		Netherlands with a Plan	NLPLAN	Kok Kuen Chan		seats)	9
26		Ellect	ELLECT	Joana Amoah		—	5
27		Party for the Rule of Law	PVDR	Danielle Tulp		—	2

Dutch general election debates, 2025[52] · Campaign › Debates

Van Baarle

Date

Van Baarle

Title or organizer

Bikker

Channel

Bontenbal

mw- .mw- .mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw- .mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw- .mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- P Present S Substitute present A Absent NI Not invited

Dassen

Dijk

Eerdmans

Van Hijum

Jetten

Ouwehand

Van der Plas

Stoffer

Timmermans

De Vos

Wilders

Yeşilgöz

10 October

Date

10 October

Title or organizer

NOS

Channel

NPO Radio 1

12 October

Date

12 October

Title or organizer

WNL op Zondag

Channel

NPO 1

RTL Nieuws

Date

RTL Nieuws

Title or organizer

RTL 4

Channel

19 October

Date

19 October

Title or organizer

RTL Tonight [nl]

Channel

RTL 4

23 October

Date

23 October

Title or organizer

Het Debat van Nederland

Channel

SBS6

25 October

Date

25 October

Title or organizer

Debat van het Zuiden

Channel

Omroep Brabant, Omroep Zeeland and L1

26 October

Date

26 October

Title or organizer

NOS Jeugdjournaal

Channel

NPO 3

27 October

Date

27 October

Title or organizer

EenVandaag

Channel

NPO 1

28 October

Date

28 October

Title or organizer

NOS

Channel

NPO 1

Date

Title or organizer

Channel

Date

Title or organizer

Channel

mw- hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output inline dl,.mw-parser-output inline ol,.mw-parser-output inline ul,.mw-parser-output dl dl,.mw-parser-output dl ol,.mw-parser-output dl ul,.mw-parser-output ol dl,.mw-parser-output ol ol,.mw- .mw- hlist dd:last-child ,.mw- hlist dd dd:first-child ,.mw-parser-output dd dt:first-child ,.mw-parser-output dd li:first-child ,.mw-parser-output dt dd:first-child ,.mw-parser-output dt dt:first-child ,.mw-parser-output dt li:first-child ,.mw-parser-output li dd:first-child ,.mw- hlist dd dd:last-child ,.mw-parser-output dd dt:last-child ,.mw-parser-output dd li:last-child ,.mw-parser-output dt dd:last-child ,.mw-parser-output dt dt:last-child ,.mw-parser-output dt li:last-child ,.mw-parser-output li dd:last-child ,.mw- .mw- hlist dd ol>li:first-child ,.mw- .mw- P Present S Substitute present A Absent NI Not invited

Ref.

Van Baarle

Bikker

Bontenbal

Dassen

Dijk

Eerdmans

Van Hijum

Jetten

Ouwehand

Van der Plas

Stoffer

Timmermans

De Vos

Wilders

Yeşilgöz

10 October

NOS

NPO Radio 1

12 October

WNL op Zondag

NPO 1

RTL Nieuws

RTL 4

19 October

RTL Tonight [nl]

RTL 4

23 October

Het Debat van Nederland

SBS6

25 October

Debat van het Zuiden

Omroep Brabant, Omroep Zeeland and L1

26 October

NOS Jeugdjournaal

NPO 3

27 October

EenVandaag

NPO 1

28 October

NOS

NPO 1

· Results

Party

Col 1

Party

Col 2

Votes

Col 3

Col 4

Seats

Col 5

+/–

Total

Col 1

Total

Col 2

10,571,990

Col 3

100.00

Col 4

150

Col 5

Valid votes

Col 1

Valid votes

Col 2

10,571,990

Col 3

99.36

Invalid votes

Col 1

Invalid votes

Col 2

28,206

Col 3

0.27

Blank votes

Col 1

Blank votes

Col 2

40,128

Col 3

0.38

Total votes

Col 1

Total votes

Col 2

10,640,324

Col 3

100.00

Registered voters/turnout

Col 1

Registered voters/turnout

Col 2

13,589,128

Col 3

78.30

Source: Kiesraad

Col 1

Source: Kiesraad


Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Democrats 66	1,790,634	16.94	26	+17
	Party for Freedom	1,760,966	16.66	26	−11
	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy	1,505,829	14.24	22	−2
	GroenLinks–PvdA	1,352,163	12.79	20	−5
	Christian Democratic Appeal	1,246,874	11.79	18	+13
	JA21	628,517	5.95	9	+8
	Forum for Democracy	480,393	4.54	7	+4
	Farmer–Citizen Movement	279,916	2.65	4	−3
	Denk	250,368	2.37	3	0
	Reformed Political Party	238,093	2.25	3	0
	Party for the Animals	219,371	2.08	3	0
	Christian Union	201,361	1.90	3	0
	Socialist Party	199,585	1.89	3	−2
	50PLUS	151,053	1.43	2	+2
	Volt Netherlands	116,468	1.10	1	−1
	Bij1	40,360	0.38	0	0
	New Social Contract	39,408	0.37	0	−20
	Interest of the Netherlands	18,477	0.17	0	0
	Peace for Animals	16,819	0.16	0	New
	Pirate Party	10,575	0.10	0	0
	Frisian National Party	9,331	0.09	0	New
	Libertarian Party	8,248	0.08	0	0
	De Linie	3,478	0.03	0	New
	Netherlands with a Plan	2,299	0.02	0	0
	Free Alliance	1,048	0.01	0	New
	Ellect	205	0.00	0	New
	Party for the Rule of Law	151	0.00	0	New
Total		10,571,990	100.00	150	0
Valid votes		10,571,990	99.36
Invalid votes		28,206	0.27
Blank votes		40,128	0.38
Total votes		10,640,324	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		13,589,128	78.30
Source: Kiesraad

Results by province[74] · Results › By province

Drenthe

Province

Drenthe

D66

14.0%

PVV

19.2%

VVD

14.5%

GL-PvdA

11.8%

CDA

12.8%

JA21

5.4%

FvD

6.2%

BBB

5.1%

Denk

0.5%

SGP

1.0%

PvdD

1.4%

2.4%

2.3%

50+

1.8%

Volt

0.7%

Others

0.9%

Flevoland

Province

Flevoland

D66

13.9%

PVV

19.0%

VVD

13.7%

GL-PvdA

10.7%

CDA

9.4%

JA21

5.8%

FvD

6.0%

BBB

3.0%

Denk

3.6%

SGP

4.5%

PvdD

1.8%

2.6%

1.9%

50+

1.5%

Volt

0.8%

Others

1.8%

Friesland

Province

Friesland

D66

13.3%

PVV

17.2%

VVD

12.0%

GL-PvdA

12.2%

CDA

15.4%

JA21

5.6%

FvD

6.8%

BBB

5.0%

Denk

0.4%

SGP

1.3%

PvdD

1.5%

2.5%

2.1%

50+

1.3%

Volt

0.7%

Others

2.7%

Gelderland

Province

Gelderland

D66

16.2%

PVV

15.9%

VVD

13.9%

GL-PvdA

12.4%

CDA

12.8%

JA21

5.8%

FvD

4.5%

BBB

3.1%

Denk

1.4%

SGP

4.4%

PvdD

1.9%

2.6%

1.7%

50+

1.3%

Volt

1.0%

Others

1.1%

Groningen

Province

Groningen

D66

16.8%

PVV

16.4%

VVD

11.2%

GL-PvdA

16.6%

CDA

11.1%

JA21

3.8%

FvD

5.1%

BBB

3.5%

Denk

0.7%

SGP

1.1%

PvdD

2.5%

3.1%

4.4%

50+

1.2%

Volt

1.2%

Others

1.3%

Limburg

Province

Limburg

D66

14.0%

PVV

25.6%

VVD

14.0%

GL-PvdA

10.5%

CDA

13.3%

JA21

6.1%

FvD

4.8%

BBB

2.6%

Denk

1.2%

SGP

0.1%

PvdD

1.5%

0.4%

2.0%

50+

1.9%

Volt

0.8%

Others

1.2%

North Brabant

Province

North Brabant

D66

17.8%

PVV

19.1%

VVD

16.7%

GL-PvdA

10.1%

CDA

13.0%

JA21

6.7%

FvD

4.0%

BBB

2.4%

Denk

1.8%

SGP

0.5%

PvdD

1.5%

0.6%

1.9%

50+

1.8%

Volt

1.0%

Others

1.1%

North Holland

Province

North Holland

D66

20.4%

PVV

13.2%

VVD

15.3%

GL-PvdA

16.7%

CDA

8.1%

JA21

5.3%

FvD

4.2%

BBB

2.2%

Denk

3.4%

SGP

0.4%

PvdD

3.1%

1.0%

2.0%

50+

1.3%

Volt

1.4%

Others

2.0%

Overijssel

Province

Overijssel

D66

13.8%

PVV

16.7%

VVD

13.0%

GL-PvdA

9.9%

CDA

15.7%

JA21

6.3%

FvD

5.3%

BBB

4.8%

Denk

1.3%

SGP

3.3%

PvdD

1.3%

3.4%

1.7%

50+

1.3%

Volt

0.9%

Others

1.3%

South Holland

Province

South Holland

D66

16.7%

PVV

16.4%

VVD

13.7%

GL-PvdA

12.8%

CDA

10.8%

JA21

6.6%

FvD

4.3%

BBB

1.5%

Denk

4.0%

SGP

3.1%

PvdD

2.3%

2.2%

1.7%

50+

1.4%

Volt

1.2%

Others

1.3%

Utrecht

Province

Utrecht

D66

20.4%

PVV

11.9%

VVD

13.6%

GL-PvdA

15.8%

CDA

11.3%

JA21

5.1%

FvD

3.4%

BBB

1.6%

Denk

3.2%

SGP

2.9%

PvdD

2.7%

1.5%

50+

1.0%

Volt

1.6%

Others

1.3%

Zeeland

Province

Zeeland

D66

12.0%

PVV

17.6%

VVD

13.6%

GL-PvdA

9.1%

CDA

13.3%

JA21

6.1%

FvD

5.2%

BBB

3.1%

Denk

0.8%

SGP

10.2%

PvdD

1.3%

2.7%

1.7%

50+

1.6%

Volt

0.6%

Others

1.1%

Caribbean Netherlands

Province

Caribbean Netherlands

D66

24.4%

PVV

11.1%

VVD

11.3%

GL-PvdA

13.5%

CDA

7.1%

JA21

2.9%

FvD

4.4%

BBB

1.3%

Denk

0.3%

SGP

0.4%

PvdD

1.8%

13.8%

2.0%

50+

0.0%

Volt

2.2%

Others

4.5%

Postal voters abroad

Province

Postal voters abroad

D66

18.6%

PVV

8.6%

VVD

9.7%

GL-PvdA

29.1%

CDA

10.3%

JA21

4.5%

FvD

3.6%

BBB

1.4%

Denk

0.4%

SGP

0.7%

PvdD

3.9%

1.3%

1.8%

50+

0.5%

Volt

4.2%

Others

1.4%

Province	D66	PVV	VVD	GL-PvdA	CDA	JA21	FvD	BBB	Denk	SGP	PvdD	CU	SP	50+	Volt	Others
Province	Drenthe	14.0%	19.2%	14.5%	11.8%	12.8%	5.4%	6.2%	5.1%	0.5%	1.0%	1.4%	2.4%	2.3%	1.8%	Others	0.7%	0.9%
Flevoland	13.9%	19.0%	13.7%	10.7%	9.4%	5.8%	6.0%	3.0%	3.6%	4.5%	1.8%	2.6%	1.9%	1.5%	0.8%	1.8%
Friesland	13.3%	17.2%	12.0%	12.2%	15.4%	5.6%	6.8%	5.0%	0.4%	1.3%	1.5%	2.5%	2.1%	1.3%	0.7%	2.7%
Gelderland	16.2%	15.9%	13.9%	12.4%	12.8%	5.8%	4.5%	3.1%	1.4%	4.4%	1.9%	2.6%	1.7%	1.3%	1.0%	1.1%
Groningen	16.8%	16.4%	11.2%	16.6%	11.1%	3.8%	5.1%	3.5%	0.7%	1.1%	2.5%	3.1%	4.4%	1.2%	1.2%	1.3%
Limburg	14.0%	25.6%	14.0%	10.5%	13.3%	6.1%	4.8%	2.6%	1.2%	0.1%	1.5%	0.4%	2.0%	1.9%	0.8%	1.2%
North Brabant	17.8%	19.1%	16.7%	10.1%	13.0%	6.7%	4.0%	2.4%	1.8%	0.5%	1.5%	0.6%	1.9%	1.8%	1.0%	1.1%
North Holland	20.4%	13.2%	15.3%	16.7%	8.1%	5.3%	4.2%	2.2%	3.4%	0.4%	3.1%	1.0%	2.0%	1.3%	1.4%	2.0%
Overijssel	13.8%	16.7%	13.0%	9.9%	15.7%	6.3%	5.3%	4.8%	1.3%	3.3%	1.3%	3.4%	1.7%	1.3%	0.9%	1.3%
South Holland	16.7%	16.4%	13.7%	12.8%	10.8%	6.6%	4.3%	1.5%	4.0%	3.1%	2.3%	2.2%	1.7%	1.4%	1.2%	1.3%
Utrecht	20.4%	11.9%	13.6%	15.8%	11.3%	5.1%	3.4%	1.6%	3.2%	2.9%	2.7%	2.7%	1.5%	1.0%	1.6%	1.3%
Zeeland	12.0%	17.6%	13.6%	9.1%	13.3%	6.1%	5.2%	3.1%	0.8%	10.2%	1.3%	2.7%	1.7%	1.6%	0.6%	1.1%
Caribbean Netherlands	24.4%	11.1%	11.3%	13.5%	7.1%	2.9%	4.4%	1.3%	0.3%	0.4%	1.8%	13.8%	2.0%	0.0%	2.2%	4.5%
Postal voters abroad	18.6%	8.6%	9.7%	29.1%	10.3%	4.5%	3.6%	1.4%	0.4%	0.7%	3.9%	1.3%	1.8%	0.5%	4.2%	1.4%

References

PVV and NSC left the coalition before the election.
Debate with the parties' second-placed candidates: Sebastiaan Stöteler (PVV), Esmah Lahlah (GL-PvdA), Eelco Heinen (VVD)
euronews
http://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/06/06/the-netherlands-to-hold-snap-election-on-29-october-after-coalition-collapse
Algemeen Dagblad
https://www.ad.nl/politiek/verkiezingen-definitief-op-29-oktober-kosten-105-miljoen-euro~a256e861/
Nederlandse Omroep Stichting
https://nos.nl/collectie/14006/liveblog/2588474-d66-heeft-15-000-stemmen-meer-dan-pvv-maar-tellen-is-nog-niet-voorbij#UPDATE-89871369
Reuters
https://www.reuters.com/world/dutch-vote-elections-test-european-populisms-reach-2025-10-29/
Euractiv
https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/dutch-government-coalition-collapses-over-migration-clash/
NOS
https://nos.nl/collectie/13996/liveblog/2569753-kabinet-gevallen-alle-pvv-bewindslieden-stappen-op-schoof-naar-de-koning#UPDATE-container-86554991
Al Jazeera
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/6/the-netherlands-to-hold-election-on-october-29-after-government-collapse
Reformatorisch Dagblad
https://www.rd.nl/a/1109808-hoe-verder-na-val-kabinet-schoof
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/aug/23/netherlands-foreign-minister-sanctions-israel-gaza
AP News
https://apnews.com/article/netherlands-election-timmermans-wilders-f9daa81b2c5f22ea73b2c379f729e9b6
NU.nl
https://www.nu.nl/politiek/6293839/jimmy-dijk-volgt-lilian-marijnissen-op-als-sp-leider.html
NRC
https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/08/31/de-likeable-lidewij-de-vos-moet-forum-voor-democratie-aan-12-zetels-helpen-a4904594
New Social Contract
https://partijnieuwsociaalcontract.nl/nieuws/definitieve-kandidatenlijst-nsc
Kiesraad
https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/tweede-kamer/uitslagen/zetelverdeling-over-partijen
Nederland, Parlementsverkiezingen, 15 maart 2017: Eindrapport
http://www.osce.org/nl/odihr/elections/netherlands/322761?download=true
Kiesraad
https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/tweede-kamer/uitslagen/zetelverdeling-over-kandidaten
"Wilders says he looks forward to returning to opposition as far-right PVV leader | NL Times"
https://nltimes.nl/2025/10/29/wilders-says-looks-forward-returning-opposition-far-right-pvv-leader
Reuters
https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/wilders-election-losses-do-not-herald-decline-european-far-right-2025-10-30/
"Frans Timmermans' call for unity among European progressives"
https://www.eunews.it/en/2025/02/05/frans-timmermans-call-for-unity-among-european-progressives/
NL Times
https://nltimes.nl/2025/09/18/vvd-drops-polls-now-equal-d66-ja21
The Conversation
https://theconversation.com/the-netherlands-is-trying-to-draw-a-line-under-a-year-of-chaos-with-fresh-elections-will-it-work-267076
"Farmers' protest party win shock Dutch vote victory"
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64967513
BBC News
https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpwvy4w875vo
"The Dutch Government's Benefits Scandal is Rooted in Stigma Against Welfare Recipients"
https://jacobin.com/2021/01/dutch-welfare-benefits-childcare-scandal
"Left-Wing Populism - ECPS"
https://www.populismstudies.org/Vocabulary/left-wing-populism/
"Denk board steps down following resignation of leader van Baarle"
https://www.dutchnews.nl/2025/08/denk-board-steps-down-following-resignation-of-leader-van-baarle/
Parties and Elections
http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/netherlands.html
"Rechts-populistische partijen en hun leiders"
https://www.montesquieu-instituut.nl/id/vle4m42oaoqp/nieuws/rechts_populistische_partijen_en_hun
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/19/world/europe/netherlands-elections-volt.html
NRC
https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/08/03/nog-een-dierenpartij-streeft-naar-plek-in-tweede-kamer-a4902051
Chris Aalberts Blog
https://chrisaalberts.nl/2025/07/07/libertariers-rechts-progressieven-en-klassiek-liberalen-hoe-minder-stemmers-hoe-meer-clubjes/
"Deze vier partijen zijn antidemocratisch. Of zijn het er al zes? - De Correspondent"
https://decorrespondent.nl/16434/deze-vier-partijen-zijn-antidemocratisch-of-zijn-het-er-al-zes/ccd89aca-8f25-0c45-0327-01bbe79893a1
"Waarom socialisme juist nu een kans verdient"
https://tegenlicht.vpro.nl/artikelen/waarom-socialisme-een-kans-verdient
www.parlement.com
https://www.parlement.com/partij/piratenpartij
"Leden Fryske Nasjonale Partij voor deelname aan Tweede Kamerverkiezingen"
https://nos.nl/collectie/13999/artikel/2580535-leden-fryske-nasjonale-partij-voor-deelname-aan-tweede-kamerverkiezingen
EenVandaag
https://eenvandaag.avrotros.nl/opiniepanel/uitslagen/dit-zijn-volgens-kiezers-de-belangrijkste-verkiezingsthemas-en-de-partijen-waar-ze-dan-aan-denken-160706
RTL
https://www.rtl.nl/nieuws/rtl-nieuwspanel/artikel/5519085/woningmarkt-belangrijkste-thema-verkiezingen-defensie-sterk
Ipsos I&O
https://206.wpcdnnode.com/ipsos-publiek.nl/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/rapport-politieke-peiling-sept-i-2025.pdf
NOS
https://nos.nl/collectie/13999/artikel/2581826-voors-en-tegens-in-campagne-over-afschaffen-hypotheekrenteaftrek
NOS
https://nos.nl/collectie/14002/artikel/2585920-politieke-partijen-willen-hogere-defensiekosten-betalen-door-te-korten-op-zorg
NOS.nl
https://nos.nl/artikel/2574090
"Wilders roept op om in verzet te komen tegen komst azc's: is dat strafbaar?"
https://www.gelderlander.nl/politiek/wilders-roept-op-om-in-verzet-te-komen-tegen-komst-azcs-is-dat-strafbaar~afab0bd09/
NOS
https://nos.nl/artikel/2578327-discriminatie-nl-en-moslimorganisaties-doen-aangifte-tegen-wilders-om-tweet
NOS
https://nos.nl/collectie/14002/artikel/2586030-politieke-partijen-gaven-vlak-voor-verbod-nog-tienduizenden-euro-s-uit-op-sociale-media
NOS
https://nos.nl/collectie/14002/artikel/2585994-pvv-leider-wilders-schort-campagne-op-vanwege-dreiging-belgische-terreurcel
Algemeen Dagblad
https://www.ad.nl/politiek/wilders-staakt-campagne-na-dreiging-aanslag-geen-rtl-debat-voor-pvv~a7a4a13f/
NOS
https://nos.nl/artikel/2586508-wilders-voert-weer-campagne-doet-mee-aan-debatten
NOS
https://nos.nl/collectie/13999/artikel/2581324-pvv-leider-wilders-denkt-aan-minderheidskabinet-we-willen-regeren
NPO Radio 1
https://www.nporadio1.nl/nieuws/politiek/07f1ad3c-04f8-4f7e-9969-95b683af1bcf/jesse-klaver-gl-pvda-sta-niet-te-springen-om-kabinet-met-vvd-wilders-niet-de-nieuwe-premier
Algemeen Dagblad
https://www.ad.nl/politiek/d66-leider-jetten-voelt-niks-voor-rechts-kabinet~a059becd/
Algemeen Dagblad
https://www.ad.nl/politiek/joost-eerdmans-ziet-ja21-niet-met-d66-en-groenlinks-pvda-in-kabinet-zij-willen-een-heel-andere-kant-op~a401c683/
EW
https://www.ewmagazine.nl/politiek/achtergrond/2025/08/alle-verkiezingsdebatten-tweede-kamerverkiezingen-2025-1497079/
NPO Radio 1
https://www.nporadio1.nl/uitzendingen/npo-radio-1-special/01991457-7a32-739a-a6ec-94738c0f87b8/2025-10-10-npo-radio-1-extra
NOS
https://nos.nl/artikel/2585655-volt-zegt-nos-debat-af-wil-niet-met-fvd-in-discussie-over-klimaat
x.com
https://x.com/WNLOpZondag/status/1973406975842017681
RTL
https://www.rtl.nl/nieuws/politiek/artikel/5526821/eerste-grote-verkiezingsdebat-met-4-hoofdrolspelers-bij-rtl-op
D66
https://d66.nl/nieuws/rob-jetten-bij-het-rtl-verkiezingsdebat
RTL
https://www.rtl.nl/nieuws/politiek/artikel/5532643/zes-partijleiders-uitgenodigd-voor-tweede-rtl-verkiezingsdebat
Hart van Nederland
https://www.hartvannederland.nl/politiek/debat/artikelen/deze-vier-lijsttrekkers-doen-mee-aan-het-sbs6-debat
Hart van Nederland
https://www.hartvannederland.nl/het-beste-van-hart/panel/artikelen/debat-van-nederland-panel-uitslagen-wilders-timmermans-bontenbal-yesilgoz
Omroep Brabant
https://www.omroepbrabant.nl/nieuws/4763722/debat-van-het-zuiden-2025-zet-brabantse-themas-centraal
L1
https://www.l1.nl/evenementen/debat-van-het-zuiden
Omroep Zeeland
https://www.omroepzeeland.nl/zeelandkiest
NOS
https://over.nos.nl/nieuws/alles-over-de-kamerverkiezingen-2025-bij-de-nos/
EenVandaag
https://eenvandaag.avrotros.nl/artikelen/dit-zijn-de-6-lijsttrekkers-die-meedoen-aan-het-eenvandaag-verkiezingsdebat-voor-de-tweede-kamerverkiezingen-161474
EenVandaag
https://eenvandaag.avrotros.nl/opiniepanel/uitslagen/vvd-verliest-8-zetels-in-nieuwe-peiling-moet-dilan-yesilgoz-weg-als-lijsttrekker-ruim-helft-van-kiezers-die-vvd-stemden-vindt-van-wel-161165
Maurice.nl
https://www.maurice.nl/2025/08/09/cda-nadert-de-top-vvd-valt-verder-terug/
"Netherlands Election 2025"
https://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/blogs/ec_neth_20251028.html
"PVV en D66 met 26 zetels op gelijke hoogte in laatste prognose"
https://www.rtl.nl/nieuws/politiek/artikel/5536236/nek-aan-nek-laatste-prognose-26-zetels-pvv-d66-vvd-en-cda-1-zetel
"Farmers' party holds on in Dutch election after brief spell in government | Euractiv"
https://www.euractiv.com/news/farmers-party-holds-on-in-dutch-election-after-brief-spell-in-government/
"Van twintig naar nul zetels: NSC verdwijnt na snelle opkomst uit Kamer"
https://www.nu.nl/tweede-kamerverkiezingen/6374131/van-twintig-naar-nul-zetels-nsc-verdwijnt-na-snelle-opkomst-uit-kamer.html
"Kiesraad: Uitslag Tweede Kamerverkiezing betrouwbaar"
https://www.kiesraad.nl/actueel/nieuws/2025/11/7/kiesraad-uitslag-tweede-kamerverkiezing-betrouwbaar
"Proces verbaal van het centraal stembureau"
https://www.kiesraad.nl/binaries/kiesraad/documenten/publicaties/2025/11/07/proces-verbaal-van-de-uitslag-van-de-verkiezing-van-de-tweede-kamer-2025-d.d.-7-november-2025/Proces-verbaal+van+het+centraal+stembureau+met+de+uitslag+van+de+verkiezing+van+de+Tweede+Kamer+der+Staten-Generaal+2025+P22-1+incl+bijlagen.pdf
RTL Nieuws
https://www.rtl.nl/nieuws/politiek/artikel/5535039/verkiezingsuitslag-tweede-kamer-verkiezingen-2025-stemmen-uitslag
the Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2025/oct/29/netherlands-parliamentary-election-geert-wilders-europe-latest-news-updates
NOS
https://nos.nl/collectie/14006/liveblog/2588440-d66-en-pvv-nek-aan-nek-verschil-minder-dan-2000-stemmen#UPDATE-89864640
NOS
https://nos.nl/collectie/14006/liveblog/2588440-d66-en-pvv-nek-aan-nek-verschil-minder-dan-2000-stemmen#UPDATE-89866698
NRC
https://archive.today/20251104160522/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/11/04/wouter-koolmees-gaat-als-verkenner-eerste-aanzet-geven-tot-leggen-van-lastige-formatiepuzzel-a4911770
NOS
https://nos.nl/artikel/2590329-doel-volgende-formatiefase-d66-en-cda-moeten-doorbraak-vinden-op-stikstof-en-energie
NOS
https://nos.nl/artikel/2590442-d66-informateur-wijers-trekt-zich-terug-vanwege-appje-buma-alleen-verder
NRC
https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/11/16/martin-bosma-wil-opnieuw-kamervoorzitter-worden-a4912765
"Dutch Lower House gets its youngest speaker ever"
https://www.brusselstimes.com/belgium/1844049/dutch-lower-house-gets-its-youngest-speaker-ever