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2011 Super Outbreak

Updated: Wikipedia source

2011 Super Outbreak

The 2011 Super Outbreak was the largest and costliest tornado outbreak ever recorded, taking place in the Southern, Midwestern, and Northeastern United States from April 25 to 28, 2011, leaving catastrophic destruction in its wake. Over 175 tornadoes struck Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee, which were the most severely damaged states. Other destructive tornadoes occurred in Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, New York, and Virginia, with storms also affecting other states in the Southern and Eastern United States. In total, 368 tornadoes were confirmed by NOAA's National Weather Service (NWS) and Government of Canada's Environment Canada in 21 states from Texas to New York to southern Canada. Widespread and destructive tornadoes occurred on each day of the outbreak. April 27 was the most active day, with a record 224 tornadoes touching down that day from midnight to midnight CDT (05:00–05:00 UTC). Four of the tornadoes were rated EF5, which is the highest ranking on the Enhanced Fujita scale; typically these tornadoes are recorded no more than once a year. In total, 348 people were killed as a result of the outbreak, including 324 tornado-related deaths across six states and 24 fatalities caused by other thunderstorm-related events such as straight-line winds, hail, flash flooding or lightning. In Alabama alone, 238 tornado-related deaths were confirmed by the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) and the state's Emergency Management Agency. April 27's 316 fatalities were the most tornado-related fatalities in the United States in a single day since the "Tri-State" outbreak on March 18, 1925 (when at least 751 people were killed). Nearly 500 preliminary local storm reports were received for tornadoes over four days, including 292 in 16 states on April 27 alone. This event was the costliest tornado outbreak in United States history, with total damage reaching $10.2 billion (equivalent to $14 billion in 2024). In 2023, tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis created the outbreak intensity score (OIS) as a way to rank various tornado outbreaks. The 2011 Super Outbreak received an OIS of 383, making it the second most intense tornado outbreak in recorded history behind only the 1974 Super Outbreak.

Infobox

Duration
3 days, 7 hours, 18 minutes
Tornadoes
368 confirmed(Record for a continuous outbreak)
Maximum rating
EF5 tornado
Highest winds
Tornadic – 210 mph (340 km/h) (Hackleburg–Phil Campbell, AL EF5 on April 27)
Highest gusts
Non-tornadic – 113 mph (182 km/h) (near Bay, AR on April 27)
Largest hail
4.5 in (11 cm) in Saltville, Virginia on April 27
Lowest pressure
990 hPa (mbar); 29.23 inHg
Maximum rainfall
19.26 in (48.9 cm) in Springdale, Arkansas
Maximum snowfall or ice accretion
6 inches (15 cm) in Bayfield County, Wisconsin
Fatalities
324 ( 24 non-tornadic)
Injuries
3,100
Damage
$10.2 billion (2011 USD)$14.26 billion (2024 USD)(Second-costliest tornado outbreak on record; costliest on record when accounting for inflation)
Areas affected
Southern, Midwestern, & Eastern United States

Tables

Daily statistics during the 2011 Super Outbreak[80] · Confirmed tornadoes
EF0
EF0
Date
EF0
Total
EF1
EF-scale rating
EF2
EF-scale rating
EF3
EF-scale rating
EF4
EF-scale rating
EF5
April 25
April 25
Date
April 25
Total
42
EF-scale rating
17
EF-scale rating
20
EF-scale rating
4
EF-scale rating
1
EF-scale rating
0
EF-scale rating
0
Deaths
5
Injuries
59
April 26
April 26
Date
April 26
Total
55
EF-scale rating
31
EF-scale rating
19
EF-scale rating
4
EF-scale rating
1
EF-scale rating
0
EF-scale rating
0
Deaths
0
Injuries
4
April 27
April 27
Date
April 27
Total
224
EF-scale rating
72*
EF-scale rating
81
EF-scale rating
36
EF-scale rating
20
EF-scale rating
11
EF-scale rating
4
Deaths
316
Injuries
2,986+
April 28
April 28
Date
April 28
Total
47
EF-scale rating
18
EF-scale rating
23
EF-scale rating
5
EF-scale rating
1
EF-scale rating
0
EF-scale rating
0
Deaths
3
Injuries
51
Total
Total
Date
Total
Total
368
EF-scale rating
EF0138*
EF-scale rating
EF1143
EF-scale rating
EF249
EF-scale rating
EF323
EF-scale rating
EF411
EF-scale rating
EF54
Deaths
324
Injuries
3,100+
Date
Total
EF-scale rating
Deaths
Injuries
EF0
EF1
EF2
EF3
EF4
EF5
April 25
42
17
20
4
1
0
0
5
59
April 26
55
31
19
4
1
0
0
0
4
April 27
224
72*
81
36
20
11
4
316
2,986+
April 28
47
18
23
5
1
0
0
3
51
Total
368
EF0138*
EF1143
EF249
EF323
EF411
EF54
324
3,100+
Fatalities during the outbreak by U.S. state[101] · Aftermath › Fatalities
Alabama
Alabama
State
Alabama
April 25
0
April 26
0
April 27
212
April 28
20
Total
232
Arkansas
Arkansas
State
Arkansas
April 25
5
April 26
1
April 27
1
April 28
0
Total
7
Georgia
Georgia
State
Georgia
April 25
0
April 26
0
April 27
7
April 28
8
Total
15
Mississippi
Mississippi
State
Mississippi
April 25
0
April 26
1
April 27
32
April 28
1
Total
34
Tennessee
Tennessee
State
Tennessee
April 25
0
April 26
0
April 27
19
April 28
11
Total
30
Total
Total
State
Total
April 25
5
April 26
2
April 27
271
April 28
40
Total
~318
State
April 25
April 26
April 27
April 28
Total
Alabama
0
0
212
20
232
Arkansas
5
1
1
0
7
Georgia
0
0
7
8
15
Mississippi
0
1
32
1
34
Tennessee
0
0
19
11
30
Total
5
2
271
40
~318

References

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  122. The Weather Channel
    https://weather.com/storms/tornado/news/2021-04-22-april-2011-tornado-super-outbreak-recap
  123. AL
    https://www.al.com/spotnews/2011/07/about_100_residents_turn_out_f.html
  124. CBS 42
    https://www.cbs42.com/news/there-was-just-no-safe-place-that-day-the-city-of-cordova-reflects-on-april-27-tornadoes/
  125. Associated Press
    https://apnews.com/article/environment-and-nature-tornadoes-science-a2a06fb3773de5d24aded447a4ab7aed
  126. AL
    https://www.al.com/spotnews/2011/10/firefighters_return_to_downtow.html
  127. WBRC
    https://www.wbrc.com/story/19568132/storm-damaged-cordova-hit-by-third-fire-in-17-months/
  128. National Weather Service in Memphis, Tennessee
    http://www.srh.noaa.gov/meg/?n=apr2011toroutbreaksmithville
  129. National Geodetic Survey
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131229064349/http://ngs.woc.noaa.gov/storms/apr11_tornado/
  130. "NCDC Storm Events Database"
    http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=303562
  131. "NCDC Storm Events Database"
    http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=303563
  132. National Weather Service in Huntsville, Alabama
    http://www.srh.noaa.gov/hun/?n=4272011_franklin_county_hodges
  133. National Weather Service in Birmingham, Alabama
    http://www.srh.noaa.gov/bmx/?n=event_04272011shotsville
  134. NWS Huntsville, AL
    http://www.srh.noaa.gov/hun/?n=04272011_jackson_northern-dekalb
  135. NCDC
    http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=304631
  136. NCDC
    http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=304667
  137. National Weather Service in Birmingham, Alabama
    http://www.srh.noaa.gov/bmx/?n=event_04272011tuscbirm
  138. "VIDEO: Alabama tornado"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131225183242/http://www.myfoxorlando.com/video?clipId=7236537&autostart=true
  139. "THE AFTERMATH: Staff accounts of the tornado"
    http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20110427/NEWS/110429711?Title=AFTERMATH--Accounts-of-the-Tuscaloosa-tornado
  140. "Closings"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111202151211/http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20110428/NEWS/110429643
  141. The Tuscaloosa News
    https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/news/2011/05/04/six-ua-students-included-in-list-of-tornado-deaths/28377121007/
  142. "Severe Weather: Track the Storms"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110510131036/http://www.weather.com/outlook/weather-news/news/articles/severe-weather-tracker-april22-26_2011-04-22
  143. "City says 44 deaths attributed to tornado"
    http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20110708/NEWS/110709754
  144. National Public Radio
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110502172806/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/04/29/135842102/obama-in-tuscaloosa-ive-never-seen-devastation-like-this
  145. National Weather Service in Huntsville, Alabama
    http://www.srh.noaa.gov/hun/?n=04272011_jackson
  146. National Climatic Data Center
    http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=301882
  147. National Climatic Data Center
    http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=343727
  148. National Weather Service in Birmingham, Alabama
    http://www.srh.noaa.gov/bmx/?n=event_04272011sawyerville
  149. "NCDC Storm Events Database"
    http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=314725
  150. "NCDC Storm Events Database"
    http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=314742
  151. "NCDC Storm Events Database"
    http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=314799
  152. National Weather Service in Jackson, Mississippi
    http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jan/?n=2011_04_25_27_svr_smith_jasper_clarke
  153. National Weather Service in Mobile, Alabama
    http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mob/?n=20110427_tor
  154. National Weather Service in Birmingham, Alabama
    http://www.srh.noaa.gov/bmx/?n=event_04272011pinhook
  155. National Weather Service in Huntsville, Alabama
    http://www.srh.noaa.gov/hun/?n=4272011_dekalb_county
  156. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2011-apr-29-la-na-rainsville-alabama-tornadoes-20110430-story.html
  157. National Weather Service in Huntsville, Alabama/Birmingham, Alabama (both offices)
    https://ams.confex.com/ams/26SLS/webprogram/Handout/Paper212695/sels12b.pdf
  158. "NCDC Storm Events Database"
    http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=304706
  159. National Weather Service in Birmingham, Alabama
    http://www.srh.noaa.gov/bmx/?n=event_04272011ohatchee
  160. GadsdenTimes.com
    http://www.gadsdentimes.com/article/20110604/NEWS/110609901?tc=ar
  161. National Weather Service in Peachtree City, Georgia
    http://www.srh.noaa.gov/ffc/?n=20110427_svrstorms#polk
  162. National Weather Service in Peachtree City, Georgia
    http://www.srh.noaa.gov/ffc/?n=20110427_svrstorms#catoosa
  163. "Ringgold devastated after tornado touchdown"
    https://archive.today/20120707190019/http://daltondailycitizen.com/local/x58991204/Ringgold-devastated-after-tornado-touchdown
  164. NCDC
    http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=305268
  165. National Weather Service in Morristown, Tennessee
    http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mrx/?n=hamiltonbradleycollegedaleef4
  166. NCDC
    http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=296789
  167. NCDC
    http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=300457
  168. National Climatic Data Center
    http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=353334
  169. "Ringgold, GA Tornado Confirmed as an EF-4 Tornado (4/27/2011)"
    http://okcstormwatcher.wordpress.com/2011/04/29/ringgold-ga-tornado-confirmed-as-an-ef-4-tornado/
  170. National Weather Service in Peachtree City, Georgia
    https://www.weather.gov/ffc/March25_26_2021_severe
  171. "Ringgold residents return to 'utter devastation'"
    https://archive.today/20140621015915/http://marietta.11alive.com/news/news/ringgold-residents-return-utter-devastation/59674
  172. Montgomery Advertiser
    https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/picture-gallery/news/local/2021/04/25/april-2011-fatal-tornado-elmore-county-alabama/7307023002/
  173. Montgomery Advertiser
    https://data.montgomeryadvertiser.com/tornado-archive/alabama/309071/
  174. www.weather.gov
    https://www.weather.gov/bmx/event_04272011lakemartin
  175. www.weather.gov
    https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=315331
  176. www.weather.gov
    https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=315334
  177. www.weather.gov
    https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=315335
  178. www.lakemartin.com
    https://www.lakemartin.com/Gallery/Photo/026FE115-46C6-40A3-8FE3-3B6BD0419A7F/C2E7BCE6-39E6-433F-906B-E3621C7FF633/
  179. WSFA
    https://www.wsfa.com/2021/04/27/april-unprecedented-tornado-outbreak/
  180. "Storm Summary 21 for Central and Eastern U.S. Heavy Rain Event"
    http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/winter_storm_summaries/2011/storm11/stormsum_21.html
  181. "Severe storms, flash floods strike Central New York"
    http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2011/04/severe_storms_flash_floods_str.html
  182. "Climate Impacts Summary April 2011, Vermont State Climate Office, Accessed March 7, 2022"
    http://www.uvm.edu/~vtstclim/Documents/pdfs/VT_April_2011.pdf
  183. "Old hospital site floods"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120806190258/http://www.saultstar.com/2011/04/28/old-hospital-site-floods-updated-at-136-pm
  184. "Rain soaks Sudbury"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20151222082441/http://www.thesudburystar.com/2011/04/27/rain-soaks-sudbury
  185. "Keep eye out for possible flooding, city advises"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120322094650/http://www.thesudburystar.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=3100195
  186. "Ice is off, and a flood warning issued"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111001001921/http://www.nugget.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=3100171
  187. "Three women seriously hurt as spring wind storm whips through Ottawa"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110502213722/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Three%2Bwomen%2Bseriously%2Bhurt%2Bspring%2Bwindstorm%2Bwhips%2Bthrough%2BOttawa/4691025/story.html
  188. "Wednesday's damage in Ontario being investigated"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120402135837/http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3%26stormfile%3Dassessing_the_damage_in_onta_280411?ref=ccbox_weather_category1
  189. "Fierce winds whip through Ontario"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110502204825/http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3%26stormfile%3Dwinds_whip_through_ontario_280411?ref=ccbox_weather_topstories
  190. Actualités
    https://archive.today/20130115090443/http://lejournaldemontreal.canoe.ca/actualites/faitsdiversetjudiciaires/archives/2011/04/20110428-162908.html
  191. "Des vents violents causent des désagréments dans la région de Montréal"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120323170111/http://zone911.fm93.com/actualites/accidents/item/12689-des-vents-violents-causent-des-d%C3%A9sagr%C3%A9ments-dans-la-r%C3%A9gion-de-montr%C3%A9al
  192. FOX Weather
    https://www.foxweather.com/extreme-weather/april-2011-tornado-outbreak
  193. AP News
    https://apnews.com/article/kay-ivey-environment-and-nature-tuscaloosa-alabama-tornadoes-524326a7536ca2acf94b15a5b915380a
  194. AL
    https://www.al.com/news/2018/04/april_27_2011_why_did_so_many.html
  195. American Journal of Public Health
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4007884
  196. AL
    https://www.al.com/spotnews/2011/12/alabama_tornadoes_many_areas_l.html
  197. "State of emergency declared in seven US states"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110501103104/http://www.travelweekly.co.uk/Articles/2011/04/28/36968/state-of-emergency-declared-in-seven-us-states.html
  198. "President Obama Signs Alabama Emergency Declaration"
    https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/04/27/president-obama-signs-alabama-emergency-declaration
  199. "White House mobilizes response in wake of deadly storms"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120919154425/http://whitehouse.blogs.cnn.com/2011/04/28/white-house-mobilizes-response-in-wake-of-deadly-storms/
  200. BBC News Online
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110429033454/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13233106
  201. "Mississippi receives federal disaster declaration"
    http://www.hattiesburgamerican.com/article/20110429/ONLINEONLY/110429017
  202. "TVA expects damaged transmission power lines repaired by end of summer"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110524041741/http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2011/may/03/tva-expects-damaged-transmission-power-lines-repai/
  203. "High-voltage power towers 'twisted like bow ties'"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110524041626/http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2011/may/03/90-high-voltage-power-towers-twisted-bow-ties/
  204. UPI
    http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/04/28/NRC-Bama-nuke-plant-shut-down-safely/UPI-64291304024604/
  205. "Nuclear sirens conk out in storm"
    http://timesfreepress.com/news/2011/apr/30/nuclear-sirens-conk-out-storm/
  206. "Classmates Recount Terrifying Night Of Tornadoes At Space Camp"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110509034424/http://www.wsoctv.com/news/27722984/detail.html
  207. "Port Angeles man witnesses Alabama twister"
    http://www.peninsuladailynews.com/article/20110429/news/304299984/port-angeles-man-witnesses-alabama-twister
  208. "Panoply Arts Festival canceled, food vendors helping city"
    http://blog.al.com/entertainment-times/2011/04/panoply_arts_festival_canceled.html
  209. "Some power restored to Huntsville area"
    http://www.madisoncountyrecord.com/2011/05/01/some-power-restored-to-huntsville-area/
  210. "Huntsville Utilities has power back to most customers, some still waiting"
    http://blog.al.com/breaking/2011/05/huntsville_utilities_has_power.html
  211. Birmingham News
    http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2011/04/alabama_tornadoes_small_store.html
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