2009 swine flu pandemic in the United States

Updated: 11/6/2025, 12:40:02 AM Wikipedia source

The 2009 flu pandemic in the United States was caused by a novel strain of the Influenza A/H1N1 virus, commonly referred to as "swine flu", that was first detected on April 15, 2009. While the 2009 H1N1 virus strain was commonly referred to as "swine flu", there is no evidence that it is endemic to pigs (i.e. actually a swine flu) or of transmission from pigs to people; instead, the virus spreads from person to person. On April 25, the World Health Organization declared a public health emergency, followed concurringly by the Obama administration on April 26. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that during the outbreak about half of all influenza viruses being reported were 2009 H1N1 viruses, with the other half being those of the regular seasonal influenza. Unique to this particular strain, about 60% of the 2009 H1N1 influenza cases were occurring among people between 5 years and 24 years of age, and 40% of the hospitalizations were occurring among children and young adults. About 80% of the deaths were in people younger than 65 years of age. The CDC noted that this differed greatly from typical seasonal influenza epidemics, during which about 70% to 90% of deaths are estimated to occur in people 65 years and older. Antibody studies showed that children had no existing cross-reactive antibody to the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus, while about one-third of adults older than 60 years of age had cross-reactive antibody. By April 21, 2009, CDC had begun working to develop a virus that could be used to make a vaccine to protect against the new virus. Following preparation for distribution beginning in June, the first doses were administered in October 2009. On August 10, 2010, WHO declared an end to the global 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. However, the virus continues to circulate as a seasonal flu virus, and cause illness, hospitalization, and deaths worldwide every year. From April 12, 2009, to April 10, 2010, the CDC estimates there were 60.8 million cases (range: 43.3 - 89.3 million), 274,304 hospitalizations (range: 195,086 - 402,719), and 12,469 deaths (range: 8868 - 18,306) in the United States due to the virus. A follow-up study done in September 2010 showed that the risk of serious illness resulting from the 2009 H1N1 flu was no higher than that of the yearly seasonal flu. For comparison, the CDC estimates the global H1N1 death toll at 284,000 and the WHO estimates that 250,000 to 500,000 people die of seasonal flu annually.

Tables

· Outbreak across the US

Number of Confirmed Cases/Deaths

2009 US Swine Flu Summary

Number of Confirmed Cases/Deaths

Col 2

See Table Above

Number of States/Territorieswith Reported Cases

2009 US Swine Flu Summary

Number of States/Territorieswith Reported Cases

Col 2

Number of States/Territorieswith Confirmed Deaths

2009 US Swine Flu Summary

Number of States/Territorieswith Confirmed Deaths

Col 2

Earliest Confirmed Infection in US

2009 US Swine Flu Summary

Earliest Confirmed Infection in US

Col 2

March 28, 2009

First Death Inside the US

2009 US Swine Flu Summary

First Death Inside the US

Col 2

April 27, 2009

First Death of US Citizen

2009 US Swine Flu Summary

First Death of US Citizen

Col 2

May 5, 2009

Number of People Hospitalized

2009 US Swine Flu Summary

Number of People Hospitalized

Col 2

9,079 (as of September 3)

Fatalities

2009 US Swine Flu Summary

Fatalities

Col 2

593 (as of September 3)

2009 US Swine Flu Summary
Number of Confirmed Cases/Deaths	See Table Above
Number of States/Territorieswith Reported Cases	56
Number of States/Territorieswith Confirmed Deaths	55
Earliest Confirmed Infection in US	March 28, 2009
First Death Inside the US	April 27, 2009
First Death of US Citizen	May 5, 2009
Number of People Hospitalized	9,079 (as of September 3)
Fatalities	593 (as of September 3)

· Summary

28 March

2009

28 March

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case in the US of what would later be identified as swine flu origin.

21 April

2009

21 April

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in California.

23 April

2009

23 April

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in Texas.

25 April

2009

25 April

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in Kansas.

Community outbreaks confirmed in the United States.

2009

Community outbreaks confirmed in the United States.

26 April

2009

26 April

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in New York.

First case confirmed in Ohio.

2009

First case confirmed in Ohio.

Acting HHS Secretary Charles E. Johnson declares 2009 H1N1 a public health emergency

2009

Acting HHS Secretary Charles E. Johnson declares 2009 H1N1 a public health emergency

28 April

2009

28 April

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in Indiana.

29 April

2009

29 April

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First non-US citizen death confirmed in Texas.

First case confirmed in Nevada.

2009

First case confirmed in Nevada.

First case confirmed in Arizona.

2009

First case confirmed in Arizona.

First case confirmed in Maine.

2009

First case confirmed in Maine.

First case confirmed in Massachusetts.

2009

First case confirmed in Massachusetts.

First case confirmed in Michigan.

2009

First case confirmed in Michigan.

30 April

2009

30 April

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in Nebraska.

First case confirmed in South Carolina.

2009

First case confirmed in South Carolina.

First case confirmed in Minnesota.

2009

First case confirmed in Minnesota.

First case confirmed in Colorado.

2009

First case confirmed in Colorado.

First case confirmed in Virginia.

2009

First case confirmed in Virginia.

First case confirmed in Kentucky.

2009

First case confirmed in Kentucky.

First case confirmed in New Jersey.

2009

First case confirmed in New Jersey.

1 May

2009

1 May

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in Florida.

First case confirmed in Missouri.

2009

First case confirmed in Missouri.

First case confirmed in Connecticut.

2009

First case confirmed in Connecticut.

First case confirmed in Delaware.

2009

First case confirmed in Delaware.

2 May

2009

2 May

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in New Mexico.

First case confirmed in Utah.

2009

First case confirmed in Utah.

First case confirmed in New Hampshire.

2009

First case confirmed in New Hampshire.

First case confirmed in Rhode Island.

2009

First case confirmed in Rhode Island.

First case confirmed in Iowa.

2009

First case confirmed in Iowa.

First case confirmed in Wisconsin.

2009

First case confirmed in Wisconsin.

First case confirmed in Alabama.

2009

First case confirmed in Alabama.

3 May

2009

3 May

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in Idaho.

First case confirmed in Pennsylvania.

2009

First case confirmed in Pennsylvania.

First case confirmed in Louisiana.

2009

First case confirmed in Louisiana.

First case confirmed in North Carolina.

2009

First case confirmed in North Carolina.

First case confirmed in Tennessee.

2009

First case confirmed in Tennessee.

4 May

2009

4 May

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in Oregon.

First case confirmed in Georgia.

2009

First case confirmed in Georgia.

First case confirmed in Maryland.

2009

First case confirmed in Maryland.

5 May

2009

5 May

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in Washington.

First case confirmed in Oklahoma.

2009

First case confirmed in Oklahoma.

First case confirmed in Hawaii.

2009

First case confirmed in Hawaii.

First US citizen death confirmed in Texas.

2009

First US citizen death confirmed in Texas.

6 May

2009

6 May

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in District of Columbia.

7 May

2009

7 May

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in South Dakota.

8 May

2009

8 May

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in Vermont.

First case confirmed in Arkansas.

2009

First case confirmed in Arkansas.

9 May

2009

9 May

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Washington.

11 May

2009

11 May

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in Montana.

13 May

2009

13 May

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in North Dakota.

14 May

2009

14 May

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Arizona.

15 May

2009

15 May

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in Mississippi.

17 May

2009

17 May

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in New York.

19 May

2009

19 May

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Missouri.

20 May

2009

20 May

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Utah.

25 May

2009

25 May

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Illinois.

26 May

2009

26 May

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in Puerto Rico.

27 May

2009

27 May

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in Wyoming.

First case confirmed in Alaska.

2009

First case confirmed in Alaska.

2 June

2009

2 June

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in West Virginia. All 50 states have confirmed H1N1.

First death confirmed in Virginia.

2009

First death confirmed in Virginia.

3 June

2009

3 June

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Michigan.

First death confirmed in Connecticut.

2009

First death confirmed in Connecticut.

4 June

2009

4 June

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in California.

5 June

2009

5 June

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Pennsylvania.

First death confirmed in Wisconsin.

2009

First death confirmed in Wisconsin.

8 June

2009

8 June

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Oregon.

First death confirmed in Oklahoma.

2009

First death confirmed in Oklahoma.

15 June

2009

15 June

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in New Jersey.

First death confirmed in Massachusetts.

2009

First death confirmed in Massachusetts.

First death confirmed in Minnesota.

2009

First death confirmed in Minnesota.

16 June

2009

16 June

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Florida.

First death confirmed in Rhode Island.

2009

First death confirmed in Rhode Island.

First case confirmed in US Virgin Islands.

2009

First case confirmed in US Virgin Islands.

23 June

2009

23 June

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Maryland.

24 June

2009

24 June

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in North Carolina.

26 June

2009

26 June

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in American Samoa.

29 June

2009

29 June

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Hawaii.

1 July

2009

1 July

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in Guam.

6 July

2009

6 July

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Ohio.

First death confirmed in Nevada.

2009

First death confirmed in Nevada.

10 July

2009

10 July

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Indiana.

First death confirmed in Georgia.

2009

First death confirmed in Georgia.

15 July

2009

15 July

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Nebraska.

First death confirmed in Tennessee.

2009

First death confirmed in Tennessee.

20 July

2009

20 July

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Guam.

21 July

2009

21 July

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case confirmed in Northern Mariana Islands.

27 July

2009

27 July

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Alaska.

29 July

2009

29 July

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Alabama.

First death confirmed in Colorado.

2009

First death confirmed in Colorado.

3 August

2009

3 August

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Iowa.

6 August

2009

6 August

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Kansas.

First death confirmed in Montana.

2009

First death confirmed in Montana.

First death confirmed in Mississippi.

2009

First death confirmed in Mississippi.

8 August

2009

8 August

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Arkansas.

10 August

2009

10 August

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in New Mexico.

13 August

2009

13 August

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Maine.

First death confirmed in Louisiana.

2009

First death confirmed in Louisiana.

14 August

2009

14 August

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First case of Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) resistance confirmed.

17 August

2009

17 August

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in New Hampshire.

19 August

2009

19 August

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Wyoming.

28 August

2009

28 August

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in South Carolina.

2 September

2009

2 September

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in US Virgin Islands.

3 September

2009

3 September

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Kentucky.

4 September

2009

4 September

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in West Virginia.

10 September

2009

10 September

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) resistance spread from person to person confirmed.

28 September

2009

28 September

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Idaho.

2 October

2009

2 October

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in South Dakota.

22 October

2009

22 October

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in Delaware.

26 October

2009

26 October

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in North Dakota.

28 October

2009

28 October

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

President Obama declares H1N1 a National Emergency.

First death confirmed in Vermont. All 50 states have confirmed H1N1 deaths.

2009

First death confirmed in Vermont. All 50 states have confirmed H1N1 deaths.

4 November

2009

4 November

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First feline zoonosis confirmed in Iowa.

19 November

2009

19 November

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First death confirmed in American Samoa.

First feline death confirmed in Oregon.

2009

First feline death confirmed in Oregon.

24 November

2009

24 November

A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones

First double infection case confirmed in West Virginia.

2009	A(H1N1) Outbreak and pandemic milestones
28 March	First case in the US of what would later be identified as swine flu origin.
21 April	First case confirmed in California.
23 April	First case confirmed in Texas.
25 April	First case confirmed in Kansas.
25 April	Community outbreaks confirmed in the United States.
26 April	First case confirmed in New York.
	First case confirmed in Ohio.
	Acting HHS Secretary Charles E. Johnson declares 2009 H1N1 a public health emergency
28 April	First case confirmed in Indiana.
29 April	First non-US citizen death confirmed in Texas.
	First case confirmed in Nevada.
	First case confirmed in Arizona.
	First case confirmed in Maine.
	First case confirmed in Massachusetts.
	First case confirmed in Michigan.
30 April	First case confirmed in Nebraska.
	First case confirmed in South Carolina.
	First case confirmed in Minnesota.
	First case confirmed in Colorado.
	First case confirmed in Virginia.
	First case confirmed in Kentucky.
	First case confirmed in New Jersey.
1 May	First case confirmed in Florida.
	First case confirmed in Missouri.
	First case confirmed in Connecticut.
	First case confirmed in Delaware.
2 May	First case confirmed in New Mexico.
	First case confirmed in Utah.
	First case confirmed in New Hampshire.
	First case confirmed in Rhode Island.
	First case confirmed in Iowa.
	First case confirmed in Wisconsin.
	First case confirmed in Alabama.
3 May	First case confirmed in Idaho.
	First case confirmed in Pennsylvania.
	First case confirmed in Louisiana.
	First case confirmed in North Carolina.
	First case confirmed in Tennessee.
4 May	First case confirmed in Oregon.
	First case confirmed in Georgia.
	First case confirmed in Maryland.
5 May	First case confirmed in Washington.
	First case confirmed in Oklahoma.
	First case confirmed in Hawaii.
	First US citizen death confirmed in Texas.
6 May	First case confirmed in District of Columbia.
7 May	First case confirmed in South Dakota.
8 May	First case confirmed in Vermont.
8 May	First case confirmed in Arkansas.

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Bismarck Tribune
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"Swine flu"
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The Daily Standard
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"Novel Influenza A H1N1 (Swine Flu) Daily Updates & Alerts"
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"Swine flu death is 44th in Oklahoma | Tulsa World"
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"H1N1 Influenza Update"
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www.oregon.gov
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H1N1 in PA › PA Situation Update
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"Rhode Island Department of Health Swine Flu"
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Rhode Island Department of Health
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"Third swine flu death reported in RI | Turn to 10"
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RI sees 10th H1N1 death; vaccine to be offered broadly - Projo 7 to 7 News Blog | Rhode Island news | The Providence Jou
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"South Carolina Influenza Activity and Surveillance: 2008-2009 Season"
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South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control
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"South Dakota (A)H1N1 Surveillance"
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"Sentinel Provider Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) Surveillance Summary"
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WVLT TV
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"Surveillance"
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"Texas Department of State Health Services, Infectious Disease Control Unit > Surveillance"
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"Utah Pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 Hospitalized Case Surveillance"
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Salt Lake Tribune
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"Novel H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu): Status Update"
http://healthvermont.gov/prevent/flu/flusurveillance.aspx#sentinel
"Vt. Reports Third Swine Flu Death - WCAX.COM Local Vermont News, Weather and Sports"
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"Confirmed Influenza A (H1N1) Case Counts"
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"Epidemiology – Virginia Department of Health"
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"Swine flu (H1N1) monitoring changes in Washington"
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"H1N1 Newsroom"
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"Influenza Surveillance Data 2008-2009"
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therecorddelta.com
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"Influenza Surveillance | Infectious Disease Epidemiology"
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"Current H1N1 Situation in Wisconsin"
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"Swine Influenza (Swine Flu)"
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Casper Star-Tribune Online
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phs.spc.int
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www.topix.com
https://www.topix.com/world/american-samoa/2009/11/swine-flu-kills-american-samoa-child
phs.spc.int
http://phs.spc.int/PPHSN/Surveillance/Pandemic_Influenza_A_H1N1/Report_as_of_27October2009.htm
"Saipan Tribune"
http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?newsID=93432&cat=1
"Saipan Tribune"
http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?newsID=96221
Diario La Verdad
https://web.archive.org/web/20210129152747/http://www.laverdad.com/
"Noticias de Prensa Latina"
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"AP National News Online Breaking News & Headlines from Associated Press - oregonlive.com"
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-pandemic-timeline.html
"Press Release: A/H1N1 influenza like human illness in Mexico and the USA: OIE statement"
https://web.archive.org/web/20090430105521/http://www.oie.int/eng/press/en_090427.htm
CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/cdcresponse.htm
CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/cdcresponse.htm
CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-h1n1-pandemic.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
https://web.archive.org/web/20200318191813/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-h1n1-pandemic.html
WebMD
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CIDRAP
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Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5815a5.htm
"CDC Press Briefing Transcripts April 23, 2009"
https://www.cdc.gov/media/transcripts/2009/t090423.htm
www.cdc.gov
https://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/cdcresponse.htm
H1N1 Flu
https://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/
Forbes
https://web.archive.org/web/20090627123015/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/hscout/2009/06/25/hscout628467.html
NBC News
https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31550059
www.cdc.gov
https://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/vaccination/vacinesupply.htm
www.cdc.gov
https://www.cdc.gov/H1N1flu/vaccination/statelocal/centralized_distribution_qa.htm
whitehouse.gov
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/realitycheck/the-press-office/declaration-a-national-emergency-with-respect-2009-h1n1-influenza-pandemic-0
FactCheck.org
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Reuters
https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5AO3Z420091210
NBC News
https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35367744
NBC News
https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna34880176
"Border Disease Program Helped Sound Alarm on Swine Flu"
http://www.kpbs.org/news/2009/may/07/border-disease-program-helped-sound-alarm-swine-fl/
"CDC Briefing on Public Health Investigation of Human Cases of Swine Influenza"
https://www.cdc.gov/media/transcripts/2009/t090423.htm
"Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Infection in Two Children --- Southern California, March—April 2009"
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CNN
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CBS News
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/queens-school-at-flu-epicenter-reopens/
"Flu spreads across U.S., officials weigh measures | Top News"
https://web.archive.org/web/20090507072145/http://uk.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUKTRE5435R220090504
The Courier of Montgomery County
https://www.yourconroenews.com/neighborhood/moco/news/article/Texas-confirms-first-flu-death-of-US-resident-9248862.php
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/health/05flu.html
"US Officials 'Cautiously Optimistic' About Swine Flu Spread"
https://web.archive.org/web/20090506013102/http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-05-04-voa59.cfm
FluView: A Weekly Influenza Surveillance Report Prepared by the Influenza Division
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The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/21/AR2009042103694.html
"Texas woman with flu who died beloved teacher"
https://web.archive.org/web/20090510143529/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D9811NI00.html
"CDC H1N1 Flu | Situation Update"
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The New York Times
The New York Times
Sioux City Journal News
https://www.siouxcityjournal.com/news/local/article_a3f8bc1e-7237-58ee-9b46-e1bc6e79579a.html
CDC
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"CDC Press Briefing Transcripts"
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"Swine Flu Spreading In The U.S."
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"Flu death toll in Mexico could be lower than first thought"
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"Seasonal flu killing much more than swine flu"
https://web.archive.org/web/20090502084811/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20090429/WHO_panic_090429/20090429?hub=Health
CNN
http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/04/28/regular.flu/?iref=mpstoryview
"2009 H1N1 Flu U.S. Situation Update"
https://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/updates/us/
Clostridioides difficile
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Medical Journal of Australia
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CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/cdcresponse.htm
CDC
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"Federal Response Stages"
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"Swine Flu Investigation"
https://www.pandemicflu.gov/
"Mexico suspected flu toll soars"
https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8021656.stm
"WHO raises pandemic alert level"
https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8025931.stm
"Press Briefing on Swine Influenza"
https://www.dhs.gov/ynews/releases/pr_1240773850207.shtm
"World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic"
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"White House closely following U.S. swine flu outbreak"
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Los Angeles Times
https://web.archive.org/web/20090501145708/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-obama-science28-2009apr28%2C0%2C6958464.story
whitehouse.gov
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"As flu hits, holes in W.H. health team – Carrie Budoff Brown"
https://www.politico.com/story/2009/04/as-flu-hits-holes-in-wh-health-team-021719
"Office of the Surgeon General (OSG)"
https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/
GoUpstate
https://www.goupstate.com/story/news/2009/05/01/white-house-aide-s-family/29501767007/
NBC News
https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna30322052
"Sebelius sworn in to Cabinet, Parkinson becomes Kansas governor"
https://web.archive.org/web/20090430183737/http://www.kansascity.com/105/story/1168432.html
Reuters
https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE59N19E20091024
Information Sharing and Collaboration: Applications to Integrated Biosurveillance: Workshop Summary
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"CDC H1N1 Flu"
https://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/
"Interim Guidance on Specimen Collection, Processing, and Testing for Patients with Suspected Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection"
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"CDC Briefing on Public Health Investigation of Human Cases of Swine Influenza"
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"CDC Press Briefing Transcripts May 6, 2009"
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"Flu Activity & Surveillance"
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The Washington Post
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"CDC H1N1 Flu | Update on School (K – 12) Dismissal and Childcare Facilities"
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"FDA Authorizes Emergency Use of Influenza Medicines, Diagnostic Test in Response to Swine Flu Outbreak in Humans"
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"2009 H1N1 (Swine) flu virus"
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"Welcome to AJC!"
http://www.ajc.com/health/content/shared-auto/healthnews/cdc-/626829.html
"FDA, FTC Warn Public of Fraudulent 2009 H1N1 Influenza Products"
https://web.archive.org/web/20090729225734/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm149576.htm
"DHS: Testimony by Secretary Napolitano to the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on Federal Coordination in Response to the H1N1 Flu Outbreak"
https://www.dhs.gov/ynews/testimony/testimony_1241017177339.shtm
"Threats of Increased Violence in Ciudad Juarez during the weekend of May 23–25, 2008"
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"Travel Alert – 2009-H1N1 Influenza"
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"Release No. 0131.09"
https://www.usda.gov/?contentidonly=true&contentid=2009/04/0131.xml
"Department of Commerce – Press Releases, Fact Sheets and Opinion Editorials – Commerce Secretary Gary Locke Urges China, Russia to End Ban on U.S. Pork"
https://web.archive.org/web/20090507034844/http://www.commerce.gov/NewsRoom/PressReleases_FactSheets/PROD01_007941
"DefenseLink News Article: Military Monitors H1N1 Flu With Focus on Protecting Force"
https://web.archive.org/web/20090506080713/http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=54088
"DoD Pandemic Influenza Watchboard – U.S. DoD Official Website"
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"Additional Flu Resources for School Leaders Seeking Guidance – ED.gov Blog"
https://web.archive.org/web/20090505072306/http://www.edgovblogs.org/duncan/2009/04/additional-flu-resources-for-school-leaders-seeking-guidance/
Google News
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"Swine Flu Sickens 1,490 as Answers Sought in South (Update4)"
https://archive.today/20120719204647/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aGmubXeIXSqI
The Washington Post
https://web.archive.org/web/20090928041850/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/09/26/AR2009092601254.html
"CDC Press Briefing Transcripts May 5, 2009"
https://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/press/
The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
https://web.archive.org/web/20090430055412/http://www.ajc.com/business/content/business/delta/stories/2009/04/27/airline_fees_flu.html
San Diego Business Journal
https://web.archive.org/web/20090630144402/http://www.sdbj.com/industry_article.asp?aID=47999878.5516779.1777724.4325329.569692.256&aID2=136739
"2009 H1N1 Pandemic Timeline"
https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-pandemic-timeline.html
whitehouse.gov
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/realitycheck/the-press-office/declaration-a-national-emergency-with-respect-2009-h1n1-influenza-pandemic-0