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Silas Wright had originally been nominated to serve as Polk's running mate; however, Wright declined the nomination and
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Presidential Elections, 1844
https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.10637320 -
United States Election Project
http://www.electproject.org/national-1789-present -
Wilentz, 2008, p. 570: Wright declined: "To do otherwise...would have been a renunciation of both his personal loyalties
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Freehling, 1991, p. 352: "The Gag Rule Controversy had sketched the battle lines" in the approaching crisis over slavery
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Freehling, 1991, p. 410: "Artificially segregating Whigs' response to gag and Texas crises...hinders awareness that the
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May 2008, p. 97: "...eight [northern] state legislatures sent Congress petitions warning against [Texas annexation]."
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Miller, 1998, p. 285: "There had already been...resolutions by state legislatures that were summarily dismissed on the s
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Wilentz, 2008, p. 558: The Gag Rule debates caused "the heightening of sectional tensions in Congress [making] it impera
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Miller, 1998, p. 285: "[I]f the annexation of Texas were to be discussed on the House floor it would certainly lead to a
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Widmer, 2005, p. 15: In the early 1840s "it had become clear that an apocalyptic battle was looming between... Union and
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Wilentz, 2008, p. 561: "Texas annexation had long been a taboo subject for Whigs and Democrats alike."
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Wilentz, 2008, p. 560: Jackson was "happy to recognize the new Texas republic but refused to annex it because it could w
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Meacham, 2008 p. 324: "Stephen Austin implored Jackson to militarily support Texas independence 1836. The president comm
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Widmer, 2005, p. 148: "There were a number of very good reasons to oppose taking Texas..."
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Wilentz, 2008, p. 560: "...both Jackson and Van Buren would avoid...war with Mexico." Freehling, 1991, p. 367: "Jackson
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Freehling, 1991, p. 367-368: During his presidency, Van Buren considered Texas annexation "potentially poisonous to Amer
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Finkelman. 2011, p. 28: "Never truly a Whig, Tyler opposed almost every policy the party stood for."
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Holt, 2005, p. 10: Tyler was "...deeply devoted to the perpetuation of slavery..."
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Freehling, 1991, p. 410: "...Northern Whigs had warned that Texas would be the Slavepower's next outsized demand after t
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Holt, 2005, p. 10: In response to Tyler's vetoes "Whig congressmen and most state Whig organizations formally read Tyler
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Freehling, 1991, p. 364: Tyler was "almost unanimously excommunicated...from the [Whig] party."
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Merry, 2009, p. 67 "[Tyler], refusing to embrace the Whig agenda...had essentially become a president without a party, a
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Freehling, 1991, p. 355-356: "Tyler and his southern advisers "were composed of a few states' rights Whigs and fewer dis
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Freehling, 1991, p.402: "Sam Houston's movement away from [annexation by] the United States left the American establishm
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Holt, 2005, p. 10: "...Tyler hit upon the annexation of Texas as an issue on which he might win the presidency in 1844."
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May 2008, p. 99: "Tyler desperately wanted to win election in 1844 and believed that acquiring Texas would earn him favo
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Finkelman, 2011, p. 30: "Some southerners argued that Britain would end slavery in Texas and this would lead to slaves f
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Holt, 2005, p. 10: "England's repeated attempts to persuade authorities in the Republic of Texas to abolish slavery...in
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Finkelman, 2001, p. 28-29: "...in 1843 [Tyler] began secret negotiations with Texas."
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May 2008, p. 112:"Tyler's furtive negotiations with the Texans..." on the annexation treaty.
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Freehling, 1991, p. 398: "On October 16 Upshur met with Texas Minister Van Zandt and urged immediate negotiations toward
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Freehling, 1991, p. 408: "On April 22, 1844, the Senate received the pre-treaty correspondence [and] the [Tyler] treaty.
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Finkelman, 2011, p. 29: "A treaty required a two-thirds majority [in the Senate] for ratification."
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Freehling, 1991, p. 407: "The new Secretary of State [Calhoun] reached Washington March 29, 1844."
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Freehling, 1991, p. 415: "...Calhoun could only begin to provoke a 'sense of crisis' with southern Democrats", and "The
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Freehling, 1991, p. 408: The Packenham Letter "declared the national [Texas] treaty a sectional weapon, designed to prot
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May 2008, p. 112-113: "Calhoun...insisted that the'peculiar institution' was, in fact, 'a political institution necessar
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Freehling, 2008, p. 409-410: "Nothing would have made Northern Whigs tolerate the [Packenham] document, and Northern Dem
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Finkelman. 2011, p. 26: "James K. Polk's victory over Henry Clay in 1844 was directly tied to the Texas annexation quest
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Freehling, 1991, p. 424: Texas "was politically and economically sublime for slavery; and annexationists demanded the so
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Widmer, 2005, p. 148: "Texas...forced all candidates to declare whether they were for or against annexation"
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Wilentz, 2008: "Instantly, the letter became a public litmus test" for both national parties: "support Texas and it pro-
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Holt, 2005, p. 7: "...Martin Van Buren took the lead in constructing the Democratic Party..."
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Widmer, 2005, p. 58: "[Van Buren's] vision was indispensable to the rise of the phenomenon we call Jacksonian Democracy.
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Freehling, 1991, p. 369: Van Buren "seemingly had the Democratic Party's nomination secured" and p. 411: "...cruising to
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Wilentz, 2008, p. 558: "By early 1844, Martin Van Buren and the Radical Democrats controlled the party's nominating mach
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Wilentz, 2008, p. 558-559: "Calhoun's departure from the presidential race in January 1844 appeared to seal Van Buren's
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Freehling, 1991, p. 411 "...a southern roadblock..." to Van Buren's nomination.
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Freehling, 1991, p. 413: A test to determine "whether southern extremists could pressure moderate Southern Democrats to
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Miller, 1998, p. 484: Italics in original
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Widmer, 2005, p. 150 "...the original 'dark horse' candidate."
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World Book
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Crapol, 2006, p. 215: "The capacity crowd in the auditorium listened attentively as the eighty-three-year-old Gallatin s
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Freehling, 1991, p. 412: Van Buren "filled his Hammet letter with conditions" obstructing the road to annexation "becaus
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Widmer, 2005, p.149: Van Buren stated "in no uncertain terms he was opposed to Texas annexation...He did not foreclose o
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Freehling, 1991, p. 413: "Van Buren...offered Southerners a delay [on annexation] that would be tolerable to the North."
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Widmer, 2005, p. 149: "Van Buren wrote out a reply on April 20 that reshaped the campaign..."
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Freehling, 1991, p.412: Van Buren's letter "came fused with a pledge to administer annexation...assuming the American ma
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Wilentz, 2008, p. 568: "...the letters thrust was strongly annexation" but he included "a vague concession to the South"
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Widmer, 2005, p. 149: Van Buren "did not foreclose on the future possibility of accepting Texas under the right circumst
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May 2008, p. 113: Van Buren agreed to "accept Texas annexation if it did not mean a war with Mexico, did not exacerbate
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Freehling, 1991, p. 427: "Clay, in contrast [to Van Buren] would halt annexation unless Mexico assented."
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Freehling, 1991, p. 428: "Van Buren erred...in thinking that delay [in annexation] was tolerable" to Southern Democrats.
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Freehling, 1991, p. 426: "Southern Democrats had long since discovered, particularly in gag rule politics, that enough N
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Freehling, 1991, p. 428: Van Buren's response to Calhoun's Packenham letter "produced a special fury when Southern Democ
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Widmer, 2005, p. 149: "Immediately after the publication of the Hammett Letter, southerners let loose a howl of 'fever a
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Freehling, 1991, p. 428: Van Buren "was finished as a candidate in their section."
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Brown, 1966, p. 33: "Ritchie and Van Buren, after nearly a quarter century of fruitful political teamwork, would part co
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Freehling, 1991, p. 415: Jackson's support for immediate Texas annexation "lent enormous credibility to Calhoun" after t
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Freehling, 1991, p. 404: "Jackson would assure Texas President [Sam Houston] that...annexation could now become a realit
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Freehling,1991, p. 416, p. 417: "Jackson joined Calhoun and Tyler in seeing Texas's vulnerability as England's opportuni
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Freehling, 1991, p. 415: "Now the old general [Jackson] urged...his supporters to nominate someone other than Van Buren"
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Merry, 2009, p. 78: "Van Buren's position within the Democratic Party was unraveling."
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Holt, 2008, p. 11: Van Buren's supporters "raged that Texas annexation had been used to derail Van Buren's nomination."
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Wilentz, 2008, p. 573
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HISTORY
https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/james-polk -
May 2008, p. 115: The US Senate "voted thirty-five to sixteen to defeat the treaty."
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Freehling, 1991, p. 431
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Freehling, 1991, p. 431: "...the Senate rejected the treaty by over two-thirds, 35-16, on June 8, 1844. Whigs voted 27-1
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Freehling, 1991, p. 431: "...three days after the treaty was defeated...Tyler urged Congress to admit Texas by simple ma
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Finkelman, 2011, p. 29: "...Tyler abandoned his strict constructionist constitutional scruples, which dictated that anne
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Freehling, 1991, p. 432: "The resulting bitter senatorial confrontation on Tyler's proposed evasion of the two-thirds ro
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Holt, 2005, p. 10: "Clay had engineered the formation of the Whig Party in 1834..."
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Wilentz, 2008, p. 569: The Whig convention "unanimously approved Clay's nomination"..."a thoroughly joyous and exciting
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Wilentz, 2008, p. 569: The Whig convention [of 1844] in Baltimore, which assembled on May 1..."
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Finkelman. 2011, p. 18: "In Congress, the Whigs had blocked Texas annexation, with southern Whigs joining their northern
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Wilentz, 2008, p. 569: The Whig platform "did not even mention Texas..."
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Finkelmn, 2011, p. 21: Whigs regarded the election as a "cakewalk", believing Clay would swamp Polk.
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Freehling, 1991, p. 360:"...Southern Whigs used the same electioneering hoopla in 1844..." as in 1840.
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Finkelman. 2011, p. 18: "In the South, Whigs argued that annexation would harm slavery because a large migration to Texa
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Finkelman. 2011, p. 18: "Northern Whigs, joined by some northern Democrats, saw Texas as a great "Empire for Slavery".
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Freeling, 1991, p. 427: The "so-called Raleigh letter of April 17, 1844."
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Holt, 2005, p 10: Clay declared Texas annexation "fraught with danger to the nation" and would "erode national comity" a
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Freehling, 1991, p. 427: "While Clay concurred with Van Buren on opposing the Calhoun-Tyler [Texas] treaty, the two oppo
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Freehling, 1991, p. 427: "Clay...would halt annexation unless Mexico assented. He would also deny Texas entrance in the
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Freehling, 1991, p. 426–427: "Southern Whigs thus had to weigh the possibility that Texas might be abolitionized [by Gre
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Wilentz, 2008, p. 568-569: "The Texas issue struck [Clay] as a giant distraction from the real issues...internal improve
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Freehling, 1991, p. 353, p. 355, p. 436
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Finkelman. 2011, p. 22: "The Whigs wanted to talk about the tariff and currency, which were no longer exciting issues."
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Finkelman, 2008, p. 21: "...as an avid colonizationist [Freylinghuysen's] conservative views on slavery made him accepta
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Finkelman. 2011, p. 17, p. 21: Freylinghuysen "the perfect northerner to balance the somewhat sordid reputation of the s
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Wilentz, 2008, p. 569: Freylinghuysen served to "offset Clay's reputation for moral laxity..."
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Finkelman. 2011, p. 22: The "less than snappy slogan..."
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Freehling, 1991, p. 435: "Even anti-slavery American should consent to annexation counseled Clay" because diffusion of s
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Freehling, 1991, p. 435: "Clay admitted he would be glad to see [Texas annexation], without dishonor, without war [and]
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Freehling, 1991, p. 435: "Northern Whigs, enraged by Clays' newly announced personal preference for Texas, accused Clay
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Freehling, 1991, p. 437: "In 1844, Whigs stood damned as soft on Texas, therefore soft on slavery."
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Holt, 2008, p. 12-13: Fearing to be cast as "soft on slavery" (see Freehling, 1991, p. 437), "southern Whigs could be po
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Wilentz, 2008, p. 573
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May 2008, p. 113: "Tyler, all hope of success nearly gone, had only one option left – to launch his own party and attemp
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May, 2008, p. 113: "...so-called Democratic-Republican Party; the name a tribute to [Tyler's] beloved Jefferson..."
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May 2008, p. 114: Tyler "did not select a running mate."
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May 2008, p. 119: "The more Tyler could challenge Polk's chances the more certain he was that Polk would deliver on anne
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May 2008, p. 119-120: "All that Polk needed was a mechanism that would allow Tyler to gracefully drop out of the race wi
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May 2008, p. 120: "Tyler supporters easily switched their allegiance to Polk..."
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U.S. Presidential Elections and the Candidates: A Biographical and Historical Guide
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National Party Conventions, 1831-1976
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Smith, Joseph Jr.
http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/NCMP1820-1846,2597 -
Exiles in a Land of Liberty: Mormons in America, 1830-1846
https://archive.org/details/exilesinlandofli0000winn -
Carthage Jail
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Abramson, Aldrich & Rohde 1995, p. 99.
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Freehling, 1991, p.437- 438: "Polk partisans called acquisition of Texas and Oregon not a southern but a western concern
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Freehling, 1991, p. 438: "Throughout... Midwestern states, Democrats total popular vote rose 20% between 1840 and 1844,
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Freehling, 1991, p. 438: "In this northwest [region], Democratic campaigners truly were the Manifest Destiny spokesmen,
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Freehling, 1991, p. 438: "Clay lost every state in the Deep South... but manage to hang on to the five states Harrison h
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John Quincy Adams and the Politics of Slavery: Selections from the Diary
https://books.google.com/books?id=kRw1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA293 -
Finkelman, 2011, p. 19: "The northern Democrats could on the explicitly anti-slavery Liberty Party to...possibly siphon
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Wilentz, 2008, p. 574: "Had only a modest proportion of the Liberty Party's New York vote...gone instead to the Whigs, H
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Holt, 2005, p. 11-12
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Donald T. Critchlow. American Political History: A Very Short Introduction (2015) p.46.
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Robert L. Schuyler, "Polk and the Oregon Compromise of 1846." Political Science Quarterly 26.3 (1911): 443-461 online.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2140965.pdf -
HathiTrust
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044100178425&view=1up&seq=139 -
Frelinghuysen's home state was apparently New York in 1844. See The Journal of the Senate for February 12, 1845. Also no
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsj&fileName=036/llsj036.db&recNum=162&itemLink=D?hlaw:1:./temp/~ammem_GDSi::%230360163&linkText=1
