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1824 United States presidential election

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1824 United States presidential election

Presidential elections were held in the United States from October 26 to December 2, 1824. Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay and William Crawford were the primary contenders for the presidency. The result of the election was inconclusive, as no candidate won a majority of the electoral vote. In the election for vice president, John C. Calhoun was elected with a comfortable majority of the vote. Because none of the candidates for president garnered an electoral vote majority, the U . House of Representatives, under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment, held a contingent election. On February 9, 1825, the House voted (with each state delegation casting one vote) to elect John Quincy Adams as president. The Democratic-Republican Party had won six consecutive presidential elections and by 1824 was the only national political party. However, as the election approached, the presence of multiple viable candidates resulted in there being multiple nominations by the contending factions, signaling the splintering of the party and an end to the Era of Good Feelings, as well as the First Party System. Adams won New England, Jackson and Adams split the mid-Atlantic states, Jackson and Clay split the Western states, and Jackson and Crawford split the Southern states. Jackson finished with a plurality of the popular vote (there was no popular vote in six states including New York, the most populous state), and also of the electoral vote (due to the Three-fifths Compromise), while the other three candidates each finished with a significant share of the votes. Clay, who had finished fourth, was eliminated. Adams was the first son of a former president to become president. This is one of two presidential elections (along with the 1800 election) that have been decided in the House. It is also one of five elections in which the winner did not achieve at least a plurality of the national popular vote and the only election in which the candidate who received the most electoral votes from the Electoral College did not win the election. It is also, to date, the election with the lowest popular vote percentage for an elected president (32 %).

Infobox

Turnout
26 % 16 pp
Nominee
William H. Crawford
Party
Democratic-Republican
Alliance
Old Republican
Home state
Georgia
Running mate
Nathaniel Macon
Electoral vote
41
States carried
13
Popular vote
41,222
Percentage
11 %
Candidate
John Quincy Adams

Tables

Congressional caucus balloting · Nominations › Congressional nominating caucus
William H. Crawford
William H. Crawford
Presidential candidate
William H. Crawford
Ballot
62
Vice presidential candidate
Albert Gallatin
Ballot
57
John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adams
Presidential candidate
John Quincy Adams
Ballot
2
Vice presidential candidate
Erastus Root
Ballot
2
Nathaniel Macon
Nathaniel Macon
Presidential candidate
Nathaniel Macon
Ballot
1
Vice presidential candidate
John Quincy Adams
Ballot
2
Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson
Presidential candidate
Andrew Jackson
Ballot
1
Vice presidential candidate
Richard Rush
Ballot
1
Presidential candidate
Ballot
Vice presidential candidate
Ballot
William H. Crawford
62
Albert Gallatin
57
John Quincy Adams
2
Erastus Root
2
Nathaniel Macon
1
John Quincy Adams
2
Andrew Jackson
1
Richard Rush
1
Walter Lowrie
1
· General election › Results
Count
Count
Presidential candidate
Count
Party
Percentage
Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson
Presidential candidate
Andrew Jackson
Party
Democratic-Republican
Home state
Tennessee
Popular vote
151,309
Popular vote
40 %
Electoral vote
99
John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adams
Presidential candidate
John Quincy Adams
Party
Democratic-Republican
Home state
Massachusetts
Popular vote
122,440
Popular vote
32 %
Electoral vote
84
William H. Crawford
William H. Crawford
Presidential candidate
William H. Crawford
Party
Democratic-Republican
Home state
Georgia
Popular vote
41,222
Popular vote
11 %
Electoral vote
41
Henry Clay
Henry Clay
Presidential candidate
Henry Clay
Party
Democratic-Republican
Home state
Kentucky
Popular vote
48,606
Popular vote
13 %
Electoral vote
37
Unpledged electors
Unpledged electors
Presidential candidate
Unpledged electors
Party
N/A
Home state
N/A
Popular vote
10,449
Popular vote
2 %
Electoral vote
0
Total
Total
Presidential candidate
Total
Party
374,026
Home state
100 %
Popular vote
261
Needed to win
Needed to win
Presidential candidate
Needed to win
Party
131
Presidential candidate
Party
Home state
Popular vote
Electoral vote
Count
Percentage
Andrew Jackson
Democratic-Republican
Tennessee
151,309
40 %
99
John Quincy Adams
Democratic-Republican
Massachusetts
122,440
32 %
84
William H. Crawford
Democratic-Republican
Georgia
41,222
11 %
41
Henry Clay
Democratic-Republican
Kentucky
48,606
13 %
37
Unpledged electors
N/A
N/A
10,449
2 %
0
Total
374,026
100 %
261
Needed to win
131
· General election › Results
John C. Calhoun
John C. Calhoun
Vice presidential candidate
John C. Calhoun
Party
Democratic-Republican
State
South Carolina
Electoral vote
182
Nathan Sanford
Nathan Sanford
Vice presidential candidate
Nathan Sanford
Party
Democratic-Republican
State
New York
Electoral vote
30
Nathaniel Macon
Nathaniel Macon
Vice presidential candidate
Nathaniel Macon
Party
Democratic-Republican
State
North Carolina
Electoral vote
24
Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson
Vice presidential candidate
Andrew Jackson
Party
Democratic-Republican
State
Tennessee
Electoral vote
13
Martin Van Buren
Martin Van Buren
Vice presidential candidate
Martin Van Buren
Party
Democratic-Republican
State
New York
Electoral vote
9
Henry Clay
Henry Clay
Vice presidential candidate
Henry Clay
Party
Democratic-Republican
State
Kentucky
Electoral vote
2
Total
Total
Vice presidential candidate
Total
Party
260
Needed to win
Needed to win
Vice presidential candidate
Needed to win
Party
131
Vice presidential candidate
Party
State
Electoral vote
John C. Calhoun
Democratic-Republican
South Carolina
182
Nathan Sanford
Democratic-Republican
New York
30
Nathaniel Macon
Democratic-Republican
North Carolina
24
Andrew Jackson
Democratic-Republican
Tennessee
13
Martin Van Buren
Democratic-Republican
New York
9
Henry Clay
Democratic-Republican
Kentucky
2
Total
260
Needed to win
131
· Results by state
States/districts won by Adams/Calhoun
States/districts won by Adams/Calhoun
States/districts won by Jackson/Calhoun
States/districts won by Adams/Calhoun
States/districts won by Crawford/Macon
States/districts won by Crawford/Macon
States/districts won by Jackson/Calhoun
States/districts won by Crawford/Macon
States/districts won by Clay/Sanford
States/districts won by Clay/Sanford
States/districts won by Jackson/Calhoun
States/districts won by Clay/Sanford
States/districts won by Jackson/Calhoun
States/districts won by Adams/Calhoun
States/districts won by Crawford/Macon
States/districts won by Clay/Sanford
State
State
Col 1
State
Col 2
electoral votes
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
#
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
%
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
electoral votes
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
#
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
%
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
electoral votes
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
#
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
%
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
electoral votes
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
#
Alabama
Alabama
Col 1
Alabama
Col 2
5
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
9,461
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
69
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
5
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
2,422
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
17
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
96
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
0
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
1,663
Connecticut
Connecticut
Col 1
Connecticut
Col 2
8
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
no ballots
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
0
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
9,261
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
82
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
8
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
no ballots
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
1,978
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
17
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
0
Delaware
Delaware
Col 1
Delaware
Col 2
3
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
0
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
1
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
2
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
Georgia
Georgia
Col 1
Georgia
Col 2
9
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
0
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
0
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
9
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
Illinois
Illinois
Col 1
Illinois
Col 2
3
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
1,272
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
27
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
2
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
1,541
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
32
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
1
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
1,047
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
22
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
0
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
847
Indiana
Indiana
Col 1
Indiana
Col 2
5
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
7,444
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
46
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
5
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
3,093
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
19
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
5,321
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
33
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
0
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
no ballots
Kentucky
Kentucky
Col 1
Kentucky
Col 2
14
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
6,658
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
27
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
0
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
120
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
0
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
17,207
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
71
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
14
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
3
Louisiana
Louisiana
Col 1
Louisiana
Col 2
5
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
3
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
2
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
Maine
Maine
Col 1
Maine
Col 2
9
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
no ballots
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
0
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
9,412
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
75
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
9
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
no ballots
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
3,081
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
24
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
0
Maryland
Maryland
Col 1
Maryland
Col 2
11
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
14,473
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
44
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
7
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
14,191
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
43
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
3
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
695
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
2
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
0
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
3,371
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Col 1
Massachusetts
Col 2
15
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
no ballots
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
0
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
37,891
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
84
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
15
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
no ballots
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
no ballots
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
0
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
6,933
Mississippi
Mississippi
Col 1
Mississippi
Col 2
3
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
3,313
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
64
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
3
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
1,718
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
33
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
21
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
0
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
121
Missouri
Missouri
Col 1
Missouri
Col 2
3
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
1,166
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
33
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
0
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
191
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
5
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
2,042
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
59
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
3
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
34
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
Col 1
New Hampshire
Col 2
8
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
no ballots
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
0
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
10,203
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
75
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
8
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
no ballots
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
no ballots
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
0
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
3,275
New Jersey
New Jersey
Col 1
New Jersey
Col 2
8
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
10,342
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
51
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
8
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
8,405
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
41
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
no ballots
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
1,232
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
6
New York
New York
Col 1
New York
Col 2
36
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
1
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
26
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
4
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
5
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
North Carolina
North Carolina
Col 1
North Carolina
Col 2
15
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
20,418
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
56
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
15
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
no ballots
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
0
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
no ballots
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
15,629
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
43
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
0
Ohio
Ohio
Col 1
Ohio
Col 2
16
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
18,411
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
36
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
0
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
12,686
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
25
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
19,165
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
38
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
16
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
no ballots
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Col 1
Pennsylvania
Col 2
28
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
36,091
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
76
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
28
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
5,424
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
11
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
1,703
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
3
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
0
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
4,189
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
Col 1
Rhode Island
Col 2
4
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
no ballots
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
0
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
2,144
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
91
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
4
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
no ballots
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
200
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
8
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
0
South Carolina
South Carolina
Col 1
South Carolina
Col 2
11
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
11
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
0
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
Tennessee
Tennessee
Col 1
Tennessee
Col 2
11
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
19,285
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
93
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
11
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
224
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
1
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
890
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
4
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
0
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
316
Vermont
Vermont
Col 1
Vermont
Col 2
7
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
0
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
7
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
no popular vote
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
Virginia
Virginia
Col 1
Virginia
Col 2
24
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
2,975
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
19
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
0
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
3,514
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
22
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
0
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
419
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
2
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
0
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
8,558
TOTALS:
TOTALS:
Col 1
TOTALS:
Col 2
261
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
151,309
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
40
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
99
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
122,440
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
32
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
84
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
48,606
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
13
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
37
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
41,222
TO WIN:
TO WIN:
Col 1
TO WIN:
Col 2
131
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican
William Crawford Democratic-Republican
Other
State total
Citation
State
electoral votes
#
%
electoral votes
#
%
electoral votes
#
%
electoral votes
#
Alabama
5
9,461
69
5
2,422
17
0
96
0
0
1,663
Connecticut
8
no ballots
0
9,261
82
8
no ballots
0
1,978
17
0
Delaware
3
no popular vote
0
no popular vote
1
no popular vote
0
no popular vote
2
no popular vote
Georgia
9
no popular vote
0
no popular vote
0
no popular vote
0
no popular vote
9
no popular vote
Illinois
3
1,272
27
2
1,541
32
1
1,047
22
0
847
Indiana
5
7,444
46
5
3,093
19
0
5,321
33
0
no ballots
Kentucky
14
6,658
27
0
120
0
0
17,207
71
14
3
Louisiana
5
no popular vote
3
no popular vote
2
no popular vote
0
no popular vote
0
no popular vote
Maine
9
no ballots
0
9,412
75
9
no ballots
0
3,081
24
0
Maryland
11
14,473
44
7
14,191
43
3
695
2
0
3,371
Massachusetts
15
no ballots
0
37,891
84
15
no ballots
0
no ballots
0
6,933
Mississippi
3
3,313
64
3
1,718
33
0
21
0
0
121
Missouri
3
1,166
33
0
191
5
0
2,042
59
3
34
New Hampshire
8
no ballots
0
10,203
75
8
no ballots
0
no ballots
0
3,275
New Jersey
8
10,342
51
8
8,405
41
0
no ballots
0
1,232
6
New York
36
no popular vote
1
no popular vote
26
no popular vote
4
no popular vote
5
no popular vote
North Carolina
15
20,418
56
15
no ballots
0
no ballots
0
15,629
43
0
Ohio
16
18,411
36
0
12,686
25
0
19,165
38
16
no ballots
Pennsylvania
28
36,091
76
28
5,424
11
0
1,703
3
0
4,189
Rhode Island
4
no ballots
0
2,144
91
4
no ballots
0
200
8
0
South Carolina
11
no popular vote
11
no popular vote
0
no popular vote
0
no popular vote
0
no popular vote
Tennessee
11
19,285
93
11
224
1
0
890
4
0
316
Vermont
7
no popular vote
0
no popular vote
7
no popular vote
0
no popular vote
0
no popular vote
Virginia
24
2,975
19
0
3,514
22
0
419
2
0
8,558
TOTALS:
261
151,309
40
99
122,440
32
84
48,606
13
37
41,222
TO WIN:
131

References

  1. The popular vote figures exclude Delaware, Georgia, Louisiana, New York, South Carolina, and Vermont. In all of these st
  2. Albert Gallatin had originally been nominated to serve as Crawford's running mate; however, Gallatin withdrew the nomina
  3. Jackson was nominated by the Tennessee state legislature and by the Democratic Party of Pennsylvania.
  4. Adams was nominated by the Massachusetts state legislature.
  5. Crawford was nominated by a caucus of 66 congressmen that called itself the "Democratic members of Congress".
  6. Clay was nominated by the Kentucky state legislature.
  7. United States Election Project
    http://www.electproject.org/national-1789-present
  8. Dave Leip's Atlas of U . Presidential Elections
    https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1824
  9. Robin Kolodny, "The Several Elections of 1824." Congress & the Presidency: A Journal of Capital Studies 23 (1996) online
    http://www.academia.edu/download/42350726/The_Several_Elections_of_182420160207-11048-1zn0d9.pdf
  10. George Dangerfield, George. The Awakening of American Nationalism: 1815-1828 (1965) pp 212–230.
  11. Ammon, 1958, p. 4: "The phrase 'Era of Good Feelings", so inextricably associated with the administration of James Monro
  12. Ammon, 1958, p. 5: "Most Republicans like former President [James] Madison readily acknowledged the shift that had taken
  13. Brown, 1966, p. 23: "a new theory of party amalgamation preached the doctrine that party division was bad and that a one
  14. Brown, 1966, p. 23: The amalgamated Republicans, "as a party of the whole nation ... ceased to be responsive to any part
  15. Brown, 1966, p. 24: "Not only did the Missouri crisis make these matters clear [the need to revive strict constructionis
  16. Ammon, 1971 (James Monroe bio) p. 463: "The problems presented by the [consequences of promoting Federalist economic nat
  17. Parsons, 2009, p. 56: "Animosity between Federalists and Republicans had been replaced by animosity between Republicans
  18. Wilentz, 2008, p. 251–252: "The panic ... was pivotal ... the hard times of 1819 and early 1820s revive[d] ... fundament
  19. Wilentz, 2008, p. 252: "Both the panic and the Missouri debates underscored in different ways the overriding question of
  20. Hofstadter, 1947, p. 51: The "general mass of the disaffection to the Government was not sufficiently concentrated to pr
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